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Preface
Internetworking Multimedia
©Jon Crowcroft, Mark Handley, Ian Wakeman
UCL Press
Preface
Intended Audience
Roadmap, Outline and Organisation
Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Section I
Technology
Introduction - A Brief History of Real-Time
Roadmap
Content and Delivery
From Letters and Numbers to Sound and Vision
Analog and Digital
What is ``Bandwidth''
Protocols
Names, Addresses and Routes
Internet Multimedia Protocols
Internet Service Models
Non-best effort service
Reservations
Admission Control
Accounting
Multicast in the Internet
The Multicast Model
A Brief History of Trees
Transport Protocols
The Realtime Transport Protocol, RTP
Multimedia Sessions
Conference Membership and Reception Feedback
Security
Authentication and Key Distribution
Encrypted Session Announcements
Applications other than Audio and Video
Summary
Network Service Models
Roadmap
Sharing and Caring
User Expectation and Service Models
Service Schedules and Queues
Evolution of the Internet Service Model
Classification and Admission
Integrated Services Model
Differentiated Services
RSVP
Service Classes and Assurance
Detailed Analysis of the Integrated Services
Host Functions
Controlled-Load Service
Guaranteed Service
Policing and Conformance
Integrated Services on Specific Link Technology
Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)
Reservation Styles and Merging
Path Messages
Processing and Propagation of Path Messages
Adspec
Making a Reservation using One Pass with Advertising (OPWA)
Slack term
QoS Routing
Futures
IP and ATM
Mapping classes and QoS
Topology Control
QoS Control
Queue Insertion/Lookup Performance
Conclusions on IP/ATM
Recent Simplified Approached to Service Differentiation
Summary
Multicast
Introduction
Roadmap
Host Functions
Routing and Addressing
Multicast Routing
Flood and Prune Protocols
MOSPF
Center-based Trees
Core-Based Trees
Sparse-Mode PIM
Border Gateway Multicast Protocol
Multicast Scoping
TTL Scoping
Administrative Scoping
Scoping Deployment
Reliable Multicast Transport
Fate Sharing
Performance
Semantics
Calling down traffic on a site
Summary
Coding and Compression
Introduction
Roadmap
System Components
Nature of the Signal
Analog to Digital Conversion: Sampling
Constructing a Signal out of Components
Lossless Data Compression
Run Length Compression
Huffman Compression
Dictionary Approaches to Compression
Continuous Data: Sample Rates and Quantisation
Audio
Audio Input and Output
Audio Output
Audio Output by People
Audio Input by People
Summary of Audio and Video Input and Output
The ITU (was CCITT) Audio Family
Still Image
How Big Is a Single Frame of Video?
Moving Image
Video Input and Output
Colour
Colour Input by Humans
Colour Input by Computers
Color Output by Computers and other Devices
Towards Compressed Video
Hierarchical Coding
Subband Coding
H.261
H.261 Source Images format
H.261 Multiplexing
H.261 Error Correction Framing
H.263
MPEG
MPEG Source Images format
MPEG frames
MPEG Prediction
MPEG Block Transformation
MPEG Multiplexing
MPEG Picture Order
Scaleable Extensions
MPEG III and IV
Region Coding
Wavelet, Vector Quantisation, and Fractal Compression
Multiplexing and Synchronising
The IETF Multiplex
ITU Multiplex
The ISO MPEG Multiplex - DMIF
The DAVIC Multiplex
Proprietary Multiplexes
Standards and Futures
Performance
Typical Compression Achieved
Effect of Network Loss and Delay on Video
Processing Requirements for Video Compression
Summary
Part II
Middleware
Transport Protocols
Introduction
Roadmap
TCP Adaption Algorithms
Playout Algorithms
MPEG Systems
Transport and Program Streams
Synchronization
RTP
RTP Packet Format
RTP Header Compression
RTP Multiplexing
RTCP Packet Format
Payloads
RTCP Scaling Properties and Timer Considerations
Synchronisation
Intra-stream Synch
Inter-Stream Synch
Inter-media Synch
Reliable Multicast Transport
Fate Sharing
Performance
Semantics
Congestion Avoidance for Reliable Multicast Applications
Reliable Multicast Framework
Summary
Session Directories, Advertisement and Invitation Protocols
Roadmap of the Protocols
IETF Protocols for Setting Up Sessions
Session Description Protocol (SDP)
Timing Information
Media Descriptions
SDP syntax
SDP: Summary
Session Announcement Protocol (SAP)
Section Initiation Protocol (SIP)
SIP Protocol Details
SIP Reliability
SIP: In Summary
Summary
Conference Control
Roadmap
ITU Model H.320/T.Gcc
Multisite Circuit Based Conferencing - MCUs
Distributed Multisite Circuit BasedConferencing
Services provided by the MCS layer
Distributed ITU Multisite Hybrid Packet and Circuit Conferencing
Multicast Internet Based MCS
MMCC - A Centralized Internet Model
CCCP - Distributed Internet Model
Requirements
Multicast Internet Conferencing
Computer Based Multimedia Conferencing Requirements
Where current systems fail
Specific requirements
Modularity
A unified user interface
Flexible floor control policies
Scaling from tightly coupled to loosely coupled conferences
The Conference Control Channel (CCC)
CCC Names
address
type
instantiation
Reliability
Ordering
Single Source Reordering
Multiple Source Ordering
A few examples
Unifying user interfaces - session messages in a ``small'' conference
A voice controlled video conference
CCCP Messages
More complex needs
Dynamic type-group membership
Need to know
The Naming Service
Security
Host access security
Encryption
Conference Membership Discovery
Using ISDN to do IP Access to the Mbone
Lookup and Control
Mixer Operation
Futures
Summary
Part III
Applications and Services
Applications
Introduction
Roadmap
Shared Applications in the Mbone
Background to NTE
Scalability
Resilience
Loose Consistency
Interactivity
Usage modes
Design
Application Data Units
Distributing the data model
Clock Synchronisation
Towards Reliability
Inconsistency Discovery
Scalable Retransmissions
Sliding Key Triggered Retransmissions
Limitations of the Data Model
Effectively Simultaneous Changes to the Same Line
Effectively Simultaneous Changes due to Transmission Delay
Effectively Simultaneous Changes due to Network Partition
Deletion of Lines of Text
Moving of sections of text
Garbage Collection and Check-pointing
Effectively Simultaneous Insertion of Lines
Summary of Inconsistency Avoidance Mechanisms
Usability Issues
Asynchronous Events - informing the user
Block Locking
Generalising the Models
Distributed Virtual Reality
General Idea and Problems
Virtual Reality Operations, User Views and Networ Considerations
Application Model
The Distributed Virtual Reality Multicast Protocol, DVRMP
Summary
Media on demand
Roadmap
Recording and Playing Back Mbone Sessions
Recording
Using IP Multicast
Current Media Tools and Protocols
Reliable Multicast
A Multimedia Recording Server
Server Interfaces
Recording
Playback
Editing
Analysis and Post-Processing Tools
Clients
Server Storage
Playout volumes
Size and Structure
Use of raw partitions
Use of a Jukebox
Speed and Delay
Indexing Techniques
Index Approach and Implementation
Using Indexes For Annotations
Using Indexes For Segment Selection
Using Indexes For Analysis and Post-Processing
Index References as Data
Lists of Index References
Using Indexes for Time Synchronisation
Using Indexes for Sender Timestamps
Using Indexes for Joining Segments
Enhanced Use of Indexes
Strategies for Recording and Playing
The Recorder
The Player
Command Propagation
Reliable Multicast
Address Allocation
Source Identification On Replay
Remote Control of Playback
Remote invocation of stream controls
An Aside - The Hypertext Transfer Protocol as a Universal RPC Mechanism
The Real Time Stream Protocol - RTSP
Movies on Demand
RTSP Criticisms
Conclusion
Bibliography
Summary
Synchronisation Support
An Index Architecture
Control of playback
Security and Policy in Multicast Multimedia
Introduction
Roadmap
Formal Distributed Conference
Pay per View Distribution of Rolling Stones
Inter company Brainstorm
Global Traffic Disasters
Pulling the requirements together
A brief Introduction to Cryptographic Technology
What is Cryptography?
Symmetric Cryptography
What size keys?
Public Key Cryptography
Network level solutions
Administrative Address Scoping
Tunnels
Firewalls
Redistribution Centres
Policy Routing of Multicast
Media Encryption
IP Security Architecture
RTP Security
Key Distribution
Email Invitations
Certification Hierarchies
Problems of Scalability
SKIP and Photuris
Core Based Trees
Session Announcement Protocol
Conclusion
Afterword
Glossary
Bibliography
About this document ...
Jon CROWCROFT
1998-12-03
