Computer Laboratory – Course material 2009

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Complexity Theory

Lecturer: Professor A. Dawar

No. of lectures: 12

Prerequisite courses: Algorithms, Computation Theory

Aims

The aim of the course is to introduce the theory of computational complexity. The course will explain measures of the complexity of problems and of algorithms, based on time and space used on abstract models. Important complexity classes will be defined, and the notion of completeness established through a thorough study of NP-completeness. Applications to cryptography will be considered.

Lectures

Algorithms and problems. Complexity of algorithms and of problems. Lower and upper bounds. Examples: sorting and travelling salesman.
Time and space. Models of computation and measures of complexity. Time and space complexity on a Turing machine. Decidability and complexity.
Time complexity. Time complexity classes. Polynomial time problems and algorithms. P and NP.
Non-determinism. Non-deterministic machines. The class NP redefined. Non-deterministic algorithms for reachability and satisfiability.
NP-completeness. Reductions and completeness. NP-completeness of satisfiability.
More NP-complete problems. Graph-theoretic problems. Hamiltonian cycle and clique.
More NP-complete problems. Sets, numbers and scheduling. Matching, set covering and bin packing.
coNP. Validity of boolean formulae and its completeness. NP $\cap$ coNP. Primality and factorisation.
Cryptographic complexity. One-way functions. The class UP.
Space complexity. Deterministic and non-deterministic space complexity classes. The reachability method. Savitch's theorem.
Hierarchy. The time and space hierarchy theorems and complete problems.
Descriptive complexity. Logics capturing complexity classes. Fagin's theorem.

Objectives

At the end of the course students should

be able to analyse practical problems and classify them according to their complexity;
be familiar with the phenomenon of NP-completeness, and be able to identify problems that are NP-complete;
be aware of a variety of complexity classes and their interrelationships;
understand the role of complexity analysis in cryptography.

Recommended reading

* Papadimitriou, Ch.H. (1994). Computational complexity. Addison-Wesley.
Goldreich, O. (2008). Computational complexity: a conceptual perspective. Cambridge University Press. Sipser, M. (1997). Introduction to the theory of computation. PWS.

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