Theory HOL.Nat

(*  Title:      HOL/Nat.thy
    Author:     Tobias Nipkow
    Author:     Lawrence C Paulson
    Author:     Markus Wenzel
*)

section ‹Natural numbers›

theory Nat
imports Inductive Typedef Fun Rings
begin

subsection ‹Type ind›

typedecl ind

axiomatization Zero_Rep :: ind and Suc_Rep :: "ind  ind"
  ― ‹The axiom of infinity in 2 parts:›
  where Suc_Rep_inject: "Suc_Rep x = Suc_Rep y  x = y"
    and Suc_Rep_not_Zero_Rep: "Suc_Rep x  Zero_Rep"


subsection ‹Type nat›

text ‹Type definition›

inductive Nat :: "ind  bool"
  where
    Zero_RepI: "Nat Zero_Rep"
  | Suc_RepI: "Nat i  Nat (Suc_Rep i)"

typedef nat = "{n. Nat n}"
  morphisms Rep_Nat Abs_Nat
  using Nat.Zero_RepI by auto

lemma Nat_Rep_Nat: "Nat (Rep_Nat n)"
  using Rep_Nat by simp

lemma Nat_Abs_Nat_inverse: "Nat n  Rep_Nat (Abs_Nat n) = n"
  using Abs_Nat_inverse by simp

lemma Nat_Abs_Nat_inject: "Nat n  Nat m  Abs_Nat n = Abs_Nat m  n = m"
  using Abs_Nat_inject by simp

instantiation nat :: zero
begin

definition Zero_nat_def: "0 = Abs_Nat Zero_Rep"

instance ..

end

definition Suc :: "nat  nat"
  where "Suc n = Abs_Nat (Suc_Rep (Rep_Nat n))"

lemma Suc_not_Zero: "Suc m  0"
  by (simp add: Zero_nat_def Suc_def Suc_RepI Zero_RepI
      Nat_Abs_Nat_inject Suc_Rep_not_Zero_Rep Nat_Rep_Nat)

lemma Zero_not_Suc: "0  Suc m"
  by (rule not_sym) (rule Suc_not_Zero)

lemma Suc_Rep_inject': "Suc_Rep x = Suc_Rep y  x = y"
  by (rule iffI, rule Suc_Rep_inject) simp_all

lemma nat_induct0:
  assumes "P 0" and "n. P n  P (Suc n)"
  shows "P n"
proof -
  have "P (Abs_Nat (Rep_Nat n))"
    using assms unfolding Zero_nat_def Suc_def
    by (iprover intro:  Nat_Rep_Nat [THEN Nat.induct] elim: Nat_Abs_Nat_inverse [THEN subst])
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: Rep_Nat_inverse)
qed

free_constructors case_nat for "0 :: nat" | Suc pred
  where "pred (0 :: nat) = (0 :: nat)"
proof atomize_elim
  fix n
  show "n = 0  (m. n = Suc m)"
    by (induction n rule: nat_induct0) auto
next
  fix n m
  show "(Suc n = Suc m) = (n = m)"
    by (simp add: Suc_def Nat_Abs_Nat_inject Nat_Rep_Nat Suc_RepI Suc_Rep_inject' Rep_Nat_inject)
next
  fix n
  show "0  Suc n"
    by (simp add: Suc_not_Zero)
qed


― ‹Avoid name clashes by prefixing the output of old_rep_datatype› with old›.›
setup Sign.mandatory_path "old"

old_rep_datatype "0 :: nat" Suc
  by (erule nat_induct0) auto

setup Sign.parent_path

― ‹But erase the prefix for properties that are not generated by free_constructors›.›
setup Sign.mandatory_path "nat"

declare old.nat.inject[iff del]
  and old.nat.distinct(1)[simp del, induct_simp del]

lemmas induct = old.nat.induct
lemmas inducts = old.nat.inducts
lemmas rec = old.nat.rec
lemmas simps = nat.inject nat.distinct nat.case nat.rec

setup Sign.parent_path

abbreviation rec_nat :: "'a  (nat  'a  'a)  nat  'a"
  where "rec_nat  old.rec_nat"

declare nat.sel[code del]

hide_const (open) Nat.pred ― ‹hide everything related to the selector›
hide_fact
  nat.case_eq_if
  nat.collapse
  nat.expand
  nat.sel
  nat.exhaust_sel
  nat.split_sel
  nat.split_sel_asm

lemma nat_exhaust [case_names 0 Suc, cases type: nat]:
  "(y = 0  P)  (nat. y = Suc nat  P)  P"
  ― ‹for backward compatibility -- names of variables differ›
  by (rule old.nat.exhaust)

lemma nat_induct [case_names 0 Suc, induct type: nat]:
  fixes n
  assumes "P 0" and "n. P n  P (Suc n)"
  shows "P n"
  ― ‹for backward compatibility -- names of variables differ›
  using assms by (rule nat.induct)

hide_fact
  nat_exhaust
  nat_induct0

ML val nat_basic_lfp_sugar =
  let
    val ctr_sugar = the (Ctr_Sugar.ctr_sugar_of_global theory type_namenat);
    val recx = Logic.varify_types_global termrec_nat;
    val C = body_type (fastype_of recx);
  in
    {T = HOLogic.natT, fp_res_index = 0, C = C, fun_arg_Tsss = [[], [[HOLogic.natT, C]]],
     ctr_sugar = ctr_sugar, recx = recx, rec_thms = @{thms nat.rec}}
  end;

setup let
  fun basic_lfp_sugars_of _ [typnat] _ _ ctxt =
      ([], [0], [nat_basic_lfp_sugar], [], [], [], TrueI (*dummy*), [], false, ctxt)
    | basic_lfp_sugars_of bs arg_Ts callers callssss ctxt =
      BNF_LFP_Rec_Sugar.default_basic_lfp_sugars_of bs arg_Ts callers callssss ctxt;
in
  BNF_LFP_Rec_Sugar.register_lfp_rec_extension
    {nested_simps = [], special_endgame_tac = K (K (K (K no_tac))), is_new_datatype = K (K true),
     basic_lfp_sugars_of = basic_lfp_sugars_of, rewrite_nested_rec_call = NONE}
end

text ‹Injectiveness and distinctness lemmas›

lemma inj_Suc [simp]:
  "inj_on Suc N"
  by (simp add: inj_on_def)

lemma bij_betw_Suc [simp]:
  "bij_betw Suc M N  Suc ` M = N"
  by (simp add: bij_betw_def)

lemma Suc_neq_Zero: "Suc m = 0  R"
  by (rule notE) (rule Suc_not_Zero)

lemma Zero_neq_Suc: "0 = Suc m  R"
  by (rule Suc_neq_Zero) (erule sym)

lemma Suc_inject: "Suc x = Suc y  x = y"
  by (rule inj_Suc [THEN injD])

lemma n_not_Suc_n: "n  Suc n"
  by (induct n) simp_all

lemma Suc_n_not_n: "Suc n  n"
  by (rule not_sym) (rule n_not_Suc_n)

text ‹A special form of induction for reasoning about termm < n and termm - n.›
lemma diff_induct:
  assumes "x. P x 0"
    and "y. P 0 (Suc y)"
    and "x y. P x y  P (Suc x) (Suc y)"
  shows "P m n"
proof (induct n arbitrary: m)
  case 0
  show ?case by (rule assms(1))
next
  case (Suc n)
  show ?case
  proof (induct m)
    case 0
    show ?case by (rule assms(2))
  next
    case (Suc m)
    from P m n show ?case by (rule assms(3))
  qed
qed


subsection ‹Arithmetic operators›

instantiation nat :: comm_monoid_diff
begin

primrec plus_nat
  where
    add_0: "0 + n = (n::nat)"
  | add_Suc: "Suc m + n = Suc (m + n)"

lemma add_0_right [simp]: "m + 0 = m"
  for m :: nat
  by (induct m) simp_all

lemma add_Suc_right [simp]: "m + Suc n = Suc (m + n)"
  by (induct m) simp_all

declare add_0 [code]

lemma add_Suc_shift [code]: "Suc m + n = m + Suc n"
  by simp

primrec minus_nat
  where
    diff_0 [code]: "m - 0 = (m::nat)"
  | diff_Suc: "m - Suc n = (case m - n of 0  0 | Suc k  k)"

declare diff_Suc [simp del]

lemma diff_0_eq_0 [simp, code]: "0 - n = 0"
  for n :: nat
  by (induct n) (simp_all add: diff_Suc)

lemma diff_Suc_Suc [simp, code]: "Suc m - Suc n = m - n"
  by (induct n) (simp_all add: diff_Suc)

instance
proof
  fix n m q :: nat
  show "(n + m) + q = n + (m + q)" by (induct n) simp_all
  show "n + m = m + n" by (induct n) simp_all
  show "m + n - m = n" by (induct m) simp_all
  show "n - m - q = n - (m + q)" by (induct q) (simp_all add: diff_Suc)
  show "0 + n = n" by simp
  show "0 - n = 0" by simp
qed

end

hide_fact (open) add_0 add_0_right diff_0

instantiation nat :: comm_semiring_1_cancel
begin

definition One_nat_def [simp]: "1 = Suc 0"

primrec times_nat
  where
    mult_0: "0 * n = (0::nat)"
  | mult_Suc: "Suc m * n = n + (m * n)"

lemma mult_0_right [simp]: "m * 0 = 0"
  for m :: nat
  by (induct m) simp_all

lemma mult_Suc_right [simp]: "m * Suc n = m + (m * n)"
  by (induct m) (simp_all add: add.left_commute)

lemma add_mult_distrib: "(m + n) * k = (m * k) + (n * k)"
  for m n k :: nat
  by (induct m) (simp_all add: add.assoc)

instance
proof
  fix k n m q :: nat
  show "0  (1::nat)"
    by simp
  show "1 * n = n"
    by simp
  show "n * m = m * n"
    by (induct n) simp_all
  show "(n * m) * q = n * (m * q)"
    by (induct n) (simp_all add: add_mult_distrib)
  show "(n + m) * q = n * q + m * q"
    by (rule add_mult_distrib)
  show "k * (m - n) = (k * m) - (k * n)"
    by (induct m n rule: diff_induct) simp_all
qed

end


subsubsection ‹Addition›

text ‹Reasoning about m + 0 = 0›, etc.›

lemma add_is_0 [iff]: "m + n = 0  m = 0  n = 0"
  for m n :: nat
  by (cases m) simp_all

lemma add_is_1: "m + n = Suc 0  m = Suc 0  n = 0  m = 0  n = Suc 0"
  by (cases m) simp_all

lemma one_is_add: "Suc 0 = m + n  m = Suc 0  n = 0  m = 0  n = Suc 0"
  by (rule trans, rule eq_commute, rule add_is_1)

lemma add_eq_self_zero: "m + n = m  n = 0"
  for m n :: nat
  by (induct m) simp_all

lemma plus_1_eq_Suc:
  "plus 1 = Suc"
  by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)

lemma Suc_eq_plus1: "Suc n = n + 1"
  by simp

lemma Suc_eq_plus1_left: "Suc n = 1 + n"
  by simp


subsubsection ‹Difference›

lemma Suc_diff_diff [simp]: "(Suc m - n) - Suc k = m - n - k"
  by (simp add: diff_diff_add)

lemma diff_Suc_1: "Suc n - 1 = n"
  by simp

lemma diff_Suc_1' [simp]: "Suc n - Suc 0 = n"
  by simp


subsubsection ‹Multiplication›

lemma mult_is_0 [simp]: "m * n = 0  m = 0  n = 0" for m n :: nat
  by (induct m) auto

lemma mult_eq_1_iff [simp]: "m * n = Suc 0  m = Suc 0  n = Suc 0"
proof (induct m)
  case 0
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc m)
  then show ?case by (induct n) auto
qed

lemma one_eq_mult_iff [simp]: "Suc 0 = m * n  m = Suc 0  n = Suc 0"
  by (simp add: eq_commute flip: mult_eq_1_iff)

lemma nat_mult_eq_1_iff [simp]: "m * n = 1  m = 1  n = 1" 
  and nat_1_eq_mult_iff [simp]: "1 = m * n  m = 1  n = 1" for m n :: nat
  by auto

lemma mult_cancel1 [simp]: "k * m = k * n  m = n  k = 0"
  for k m n :: nat
proof -
  have "k  0  k * m = k * n  m = n"
  proof (induct n arbitrary: m)
    case 0
    then show "m = 0" by simp
  next
    case (Suc n)
    then show "m = Suc n"
      by (cases m) (simp_all add: eq_commute [of 0])
  qed
  then show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma mult_cancel2 [simp]: "m * k = n * k  m = n  k = 0"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (simp add: mult.commute)

lemma Suc_mult_cancel1: "Suc k * m = Suc k * n  m = n"
  by (subst mult_cancel1) simp


subsection ‹Orders on typnat

subsubsection ‹Operation definition›

instantiation nat :: linorder
begin

primrec less_eq_nat
  where
    "(0::nat)  n  True"
  | "Suc m  n  (case n of 0  False | Suc n  m  n)"

declare less_eq_nat.simps [simp del]

lemma le0 [iff]: "0  n" for
  n :: nat
  by (simp add: less_eq_nat.simps)

lemma [code]: "0  n  True"
  for n :: nat
  by simp

definition less_nat
  where less_eq_Suc_le: "n < m  Suc n  m"

lemma Suc_le_mono [iff]: "Suc n  Suc m  n  m"
  by (simp add: less_eq_nat.simps(2))

lemma Suc_le_eq [code]: "Suc m  n  m < n"
  unfolding less_eq_Suc_le ..

lemma le_0_eq [iff]: "n  0  n = 0"
  for n :: nat
  by (induct n) (simp_all add: less_eq_nat.simps(2))

lemma not_less0 [iff]: "¬ n < 0"
  for n :: nat
  by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le)

lemma less_nat_zero_code [code]: "n < 0  False"
  for n :: nat
  by simp

lemma Suc_less_eq [iff]: "Suc m < Suc n  m < n"
  by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le)

lemma less_Suc_eq_le [code]: "m < Suc n  m  n"
  by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le)

lemma Suc_less_eq2: "Suc n < m  (m'. m = Suc m'  n < m')"
  by (cases m) auto

lemma le_SucI: "m  n  m  Suc n"
  by (induct m arbitrary: n) (simp_all add: less_eq_nat.simps(2) split: nat.splits)

lemma Suc_leD: "Suc m  n  m  n"
  by (cases n) (auto intro: le_SucI)

lemma less_SucI: "m < n  m < Suc n"
  by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le) (erule Suc_leD)

lemma Suc_lessD: "Suc m < n  m < n"
  by (simp add: less_eq_Suc_le) (erule Suc_leD)

instance
proof
  fix n m q :: nat
  show "n < m  n  m  ¬ m  n"
  proof (induct n arbitrary: m)
    case 0
    then show ?case
      by (cases m) (simp_all add: less_eq_Suc_le)
  next
    case (Suc n)
    then show ?case
      by (cases m) (simp_all add: less_eq_Suc_le)
  qed
  show "n  n"
    by (induct n) simp_all
  then show "n = m" if "n  m" and "m  n"
    using that by (induct n arbitrary: m)
      (simp_all add: less_eq_nat.simps(2) split: nat.splits)
  show "n  q" if "n  m" and "m  q"
    using that
  proof (induct n arbitrary: m q)
    case 0
    show ?case by simp
  next
    case (Suc n)
    then show ?case
      by (simp_all (no_asm_use) add: less_eq_nat.simps(2) split: nat.splits, clarify,
        simp_all (no_asm_use) add: less_eq_nat.simps(2) split: nat.splits, clarify,
        simp_all (no_asm_use) add: less_eq_nat.simps(2) split: nat.splits)
  qed
  show "n  m  m  n"
    by (induct n arbitrary: m)
      (simp_all add: less_eq_nat.simps(2) split: nat.splits)
qed

end

instantiation nat :: order_bot
begin

definition bot_nat :: nat
  where "bot_nat = 0"

instance
  by standard (simp add: bot_nat_def)

end

instance nat :: no_top
  by standard (auto intro: less_Suc_eq_le [THEN iffD2])


subsubsection ‹Introduction properties›

lemma lessI [iff]: "n < Suc n"
  by (simp add: less_Suc_eq_le)

lemma zero_less_Suc [iff]: "0 < Suc n"
  by (simp add: less_Suc_eq_le)


subsubsection ‹Elimination properties›

lemma less_not_refl: "¬ n < n"
  for n :: nat
  by (rule order_less_irrefl)

lemma less_not_refl2: "n < m  m  n"
  for m n :: nat
  by (rule not_sym) (rule less_imp_neq)

lemma less_not_refl3: "s < t  s  t"
  for s t :: nat
  by (rule less_imp_neq)

lemma less_irrefl_nat: "n < n  R"
  for n :: nat
  by (rule notE, rule less_not_refl)

lemma less_zeroE: "n < 0  R"
  for n :: nat
  by (rule notE) (rule not_less0)

lemma less_Suc_eq: "m < Suc n  m < n  m = n"
  unfolding less_Suc_eq_le le_less ..

lemma less_Suc0 [iff]: "(n < Suc 0) = (n = 0)"
  by (simp add: less_Suc_eq)

lemma less_one [iff]: "n < 1  n = 0"
  for n :: nat
  unfolding One_nat_def by (rule less_Suc0)

lemma Suc_mono: "m < n  Suc m < Suc n"
  by simp

text ‹"Less than" is antisymmetric, sort of.›
lemma less_antisym: "¬ n < m  n < Suc m  m = n"
  unfolding not_less less_Suc_eq_le by (rule antisym)

lemma nat_neq_iff: "m  n  m < n  n < m"
  for m n :: nat
  by (rule linorder_neq_iff)


subsubsection ‹Inductive (?) properties›

lemma Suc_lessI: "m < n  Suc m  n  Suc m < n"
  unfolding less_eq_Suc_le [of m] le_less by simp

lemma lessE:
  assumes major: "i < k"
    and 1: "k = Suc i  P"
    and 2: "j. i < j  k = Suc j  P"
  shows P
proof -
  from major have "j. i  j  k = Suc j"
    unfolding less_eq_Suc_le by (induct k) simp_all
  then have "(j. i < j  k = Suc j)  k = Suc i"
    by (auto simp add: less_le)
  with 1 2 show P by auto
qed

lemma less_SucE:
  assumes major: "m < Suc n"
    and less: "m < n  P"
    and eq: "m = n  P"
  shows P
proof (rule major [THEN lessE])
  show "Suc n = Suc m  P"
    using eq by blast
  show "j. m < j; Suc n = Suc j  P"
    by (blast intro: less)
qed

lemma Suc_lessE:
  assumes major: "Suc i < k"
    and minor: "j. i < j  k = Suc j  P"
  shows P
proof (rule major [THEN lessE])
  show "k = Suc (Suc i)  P"
    using lessI minor by iprover
  show "j. Suc i < j; k = Suc j  P"
    using Suc_lessD minor by iprover
qed

lemma Suc_less_SucD: "Suc m < Suc n  m < n"
  by simp

lemma less_trans_Suc:
  assumes le: "i < j"
  shows "j < k  Suc i < k"
proof (induct k)
  case 0
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc k)
  with le show ?case
    by simp (auto simp add: less_Suc_eq dest: Suc_lessD)
qed

text ‹Can be used with less_Suc_eq› to get propn = m  n < m.›
lemma not_less_eq: "¬ m < n  n < Suc m"
  by (simp only: not_less less_Suc_eq_le)

lemma not_less_eq_eq: "¬ m  n  Suc n  m"
  by (simp only: not_le Suc_le_eq)

text ‹Properties of "less than or equal".›

lemma le_imp_less_Suc: "m  n  m < Suc n"
  by (simp only: less_Suc_eq_le)

lemma Suc_n_not_le_n: "¬ Suc n  n"
  by (simp add: not_le less_Suc_eq_le)

lemma le_Suc_eq: "m  Suc n  m  n  m = Suc n"
  by (simp add: less_Suc_eq_le [symmetric] less_Suc_eq)

lemma le_SucE: "m  Suc n  (m  n  R)  (m = Suc n  R)  R"
  by (drule le_Suc_eq [THEN iffD1], iprover+)

lemma Suc_leI: "m < n  Suc m  n"
  by (simp only: Suc_le_eq)

text ‹Stronger version of Suc_leD›.›
lemma Suc_le_lessD: "Suc m  n  m < n"
  by (simp only: Suc_le_eq)

lemma less_imp_le_nat: "m < n  m  n" for m n :: nat
  unfolding less_eq_Suc_le by (rule Suc_leD)

text ‹For instance, (Suc m < Suc n) = (Suc m ≤ n) = (m < n)›
lemmas le_simps = less_imp_le_nat less_Suc_eq_le Suc_le_eq


text ‹Equivalence of m ≤ n› and m < n ∨ m = n›

lemma less_or_eq_imp_le: "m < n  m = n  m  n"
  for m n :: nat
  unfolding le_less .

lemma le_eq_less_or_eq: "m  n  m < n  m = n"
  for m n :: nat
  by (rule le_less)

text ‹Useful with blast›.›
lemma eq_imp_le: "m = n  m  n"
  for m n :: nat
  by auto

lemma le_refl: "n  n"
  for n :: nat
  by simp

lemma le_trans: "i  j  j  k  i  k"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (rule order_trans)

lemma le_antisym: "m  n  n  m  m = n"
  for m n :: nat
  by (rule antisym)

lemma nat_less_le: "m < n  m  n  m  n"
  for m n :: nat
  by (rule less_le)

lemma le_neq_implies_less: "m  n  m  n  m < n"
  for m n :: nat
  unfolding less_le ..

lemma nat_le_linear: "m  n  n  m"
  for m n :: nat
  by (rule linear)

lemmas linorder_neqE_nat = linorder_neqE [where 'a = nat]

lemma le_less_Suc_eq: "m  n  n < Suc m  n = m"
  unfolding less_Suc_eq_le by auto

lemma not_less_less_Suc_eq: "¬ n < m  n < Suc m  n = m"
  unfolding not_less by (rule le_less_Suc_eq)

lemmas not_less_simps = not_less_less_Suc_eq le_less_Suc_eq

lemma not0_implies_Suc: "n  0  m. n = Suc m"
  by (cases n) simp_all

lemma gr0_implies_Suc: "n > 0  m. n = Suc m"
  by (cases n) simp_all

lemma gr_implies_not0: "m < n  n  0"
  for m n :: nat
  by (cases n) simp_all

lemma neq0_conv[iff]: "n  0  0 < n"
  for n :: nat
  by (cases n) simp_all

text ‹This theorem is useful with blast›
lemma gr0I: "(n = 0  False)  0 < n"
  for n :: nat
  by (rule neq0_conv[THEN iffD1]) iprover

lemma gr0_conv_Suc: "0 < n  (m. n = Suc m)"
  by (fast intro: not0_implies_Suc)

lemma not_gr0 [iff]: "¬ 0 < n  n = 0"
  for n :: nat
  using neq0_conv by blast

lemma Suc_le_D: "Suc n  m'  m. m' = Suc m"
  by (induct m') simp_all

text ‹Useful in certain inductive arguments›
lemma less_Suc_eq_0_disj: "m < Suc n  m = 0  (j. m = Suc j  j < n)"
  by (cases m) simp_all

lemma All_less_Suc: "(i < Suc n. P i) = (P n  (i < n. P i))"
  by (auto simp: less_Suc_eq)

lemma All_less_Suc2: "(i < Suc n. P i) = (P 0  (i < n. P(Suc i)))"
  by (auto simp: less_Suc_eq_0_disj)

lemma Ex_less_Suc: "(i < Suc n. P i) = (P n  (i < n. P i))"
  by (auto simp: less_Suc_eq)

lemma Ex_less_Suc2: "(i < Suc n. P i) = (P 0  (i < n. P(Suc i)))"
  by (auto simp: less_Suc_eq_0_disj)

text @{term mono} (non-strict) doesn't imply increasing, as the function could be constant›
lemma strict_mono_imp_increasing:
  fixes n::nat
  assumes "strict_mono f" shows "f n  n"
proof (induction n)
  case 0
  then show ?case
    by auto
next
  case (Suc n)
  then show ?case
    unfolding not_less_eq_eq [symmetric]
    using Suc_n_not_le_n assms order_trans strict_mono_less_eq by blast
qed

subsubsection ‹Monotonicity of Addition›

lemma Suc_pred [simp]: "n > 0  Suc (n - Suc 0) = n"
  by (simp add: diff_Suc split: nat.split)

lemma Suc_diff_1 [simp]: "0 < n  Suc (n - 1) = n"
  unfolding One_nat_def by (rule Suc_pred)

lemma nat_add_left_cancel_le [simp]: "k + m  k + n  m  n"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (induct k) simp_all

lemma nat_add_left_cancel_less [simp]: "k + m < k + n  m < n"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (induct k) simp_all

lemma add_gr_0 [iff]: "m + n > 0  m > 0  n > 0"
  for m n :: nat
  by (auto dest: gr0_implies_Suc)

text ‹strict, in 1st argument›
lemma add_less_mono1: "i < j  i + k < j + k"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (induct k) simp_all

text ‹strict, in both arguments›
lemma add_less_mono: 
  fixes i j k l :: nat
  assumes "i < j" "k < l" shows "i + k < j + l"
proof -
  have "i + k < j + k"
    by (simp add: add_less_mono1 assms)
  also have "...  < j + l"
    using i < j by (induction j) (auto simp: assms)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma less_imp_Suc_add: "m < n  k. n = Suc (m + k)"
proof (induct n)
  case 0
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case Suc
  then show ?case
    by (simp add: order_le_less)
      (blast elim!: less_SucE intro!: Nat.add_0_right [symmetric] add_Suc_right [symmetric])
qed

lemma le_Suc_ex: "k  l  (n. l = k + n)"
  for k l :: nat
  by (auto simp: less_Suc_eq_le[symmetric] dest: less_imp_Suc_add)

lemma less_natE:
  assumes m < n
  obtains q where n = Suc (m + q)
  using assms by (auto dest: less_imp_Suc_add intro: that)

text ‹strict, in 1st argument; proof is by induction on k > 0›
lemma mult_less_mono2:
  fixes i j :: nat
  assumes "i < j" and "0 < k"
  shows "k * i < k * j"
  using 0 < k
proof (induct k)
  case 0
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc k)
  with i < j show ?case
    by (cases k) (simp_all add: add_less_mono)
qed

text ‹Addition is the inverse of subtraction:
  if termn  m then termn + (m - n) = m.›
lemma add_diff_inverse_nat: "¬ m < n  n + (m - n) = m"
  for m n :: nat
  by (induct m n rule: diff_induct) simp_all

lemma nat_le_iff_add: "m  n  (k. n = m + k)"
  for m n :: nat
  using nat_add_left_cancel_le[of m 0] by (auto dest: le_Suc_ex)

text ‹The naturals form an ordered semidom› and a dioid›.›

instance nat :: discrete_linordered_semidom
proof
  fix m n q :: nat
  show 0 < (1::nat)
    by simp
  show m  n  q + m  q + n
    by simp
  show m < n  0 < q  q * m < q * n
    by (simp add: mult_less_mono2)
  show m  0  n  0  m * n  0
    by simp
  show n  m  (m - n) + n = m
    by (simp add: add_diff_inverse_nat add.commute linorder_not_less)
  show m < n  m + 1  n
    by (simp add: Suc_le_eq)
qed

instance nat :: dioid
  by standard (rule nat_le_iff_add)

declare le0[simp del] ― ‹This is now @{thm zero_le}
declare le_0_eq[simp del] ― ‹This is now @{thm le_zero_eq}
declare not_less0[simp del] ― ‹This is now @{thm not_less_zero}
declare not_gr0[simp del] ― ‹This is now @{thm not_gr_zero}

instance nat :: ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_add ..
instance nat :: ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_diff ..


subsubsection termmin and termmax

global_interpretation bot_nat_0: ordering_top (≥) (>) 0::nat
  by standard simp

global_interpretation max_nat: semilattice_neutr_order max 0::nat (≥) (>)
  by standard (simp add: max_def)

lemma mono_Suc: "mono Suc"
  by (rule monoI) simp

lemma min_0L [simp]: "min 0 n = 0"
  for n :: nat
  by (rule min_absorb1) simp

lemma min_0R [simp]: "min n 0 = 0"
  for n :: nat
  by (rule min_absorb2) simp

lemma min_Suc_Suc [simp]: "min (Suc m) (Suc n) = Suc (min m n)"
  by (simp add: mono_Suc min_of_mono)

lemma min_Suc1: "min (Suc n) m = (case m of 0  0 | Suc m'  Suc(min n m'))"
  by (simp split: nat.split)

lemma min_Suc2: "min m (Suc n) = (case m of 0  0 | Suc m'  Suc(min m' n))"
  by (simp split: nat.split)

lemma max_0L [simp]: "max 0 n = n"
  for n :: nat
  by (fact max_nat.left_neutral)

lemma max_0R [simp]: "max n 0 = n"
  for n :: nat
  by (fact max_nat.right_neutral)

lemma max_Suc_Suc [simp]: "max (Suc m) (Suc n) = Suc (max m n)"
  by (simp add: mono_Suc max_of_mono)

lemma max_Suc1: "max (Suc n) m = (case m of 0  Suc n | Suc m'  Suc (max n m'))"
  by (simp split: nat.split)

lemma max_Suc2: "max m (Suc n) = (case m of 0  Suc n | Suc m'  Suc (max m' n))"
  by (simp split: nat.split)

lemma nat_mult_min_left: "min m n * q = min (m * q) (n * q)"
  for m n q :: nat
  by (simp add: min_def not_le)
    (auto dest: mult_right_le_imp_le mult_right_less_imp_less le_less_trans)

lemma nat_mult_min_right: "m * min n q = min (m * n) (m * q)"
  for m n q :: nat
  by (simp add: min_def not_le)
    (auto dest: mult_left_le_imp_le mult_left_less_imp_less le_less_trans)

lemma nat_add_max_left: "max m n + q = max (m + q) (n + q)"
  for m n q :: nat
  by (simp add: max_def)

lemma nat_add_max_right: "m + max n q = max (m + n) (m + q)"
  for m n q :: nat
  by (simp add: max_def)

lemma nat_mult_max_left: "max m n * q = max (m * q) (n * q)"
  for m n q :: nat
  by (simp add: max_def not_le)
    (auto dest: mult_right_le_imp_le mult_right_less_imp_less le_less_trans)

lemma nat_mult_max_right: "m * max n q = max (m * n) (m * q)"
  for m n q :: nat
  by (simp add: max_def not_le)
    (auto dest: mult_left_le_imp_le mult_left_less_imp_less le_less_trans)


subsubsection ‹Additional theorems about term(≤)

text ‹Complete induction, aka course-of-values induction›

instance nat :: wellorder
proof
  fix P and n :: nat
  assume step: "(m. m < n  P m)  P n" for n :: nat
  have "q. q  n  P q"
  proof (induct n)
    case (0 n)
    have "P 0" by (rule step) auto
    with 0 show ?case by auto
  next
    case (Suc m n)
    then have "n  m  n = Suc m"
      by (simp add: le_Suc_eq)
    then show ?case
    proof
      assume "n  m"
      then show "P n" by (rule Suc(1))
    next
      assume n: "n = Suc m"
      show "P n" by (rule step) (rule Suc(1), simp add: n le_simps)
    qed
  qed
  then show "P n" by auto
qed


lemma Least_eq_0[simp]: "P 0  Least P = 0"
  for P :: "nat  bool"
  by (rule Least_equality[OF _ le0])

lemma Least_Suc:
  assumes "P n" "¬ P 0" 
  shows "(LEAST n. P n) = Suc (LEAST m. P (Suc m))"
proof (cases n)
  case (Suc m)
  show ?thesis
  proof (rule antisym)
    show "(LEAST x. P x)  Suc (LEAST x. P (Suc x))"
      using assms Suc by (force intro: LeastI Least_le)
    have §: "P (LEAST x. P x)"
      by (blast intro: LeastI assms)
    show "Suc (LEAST m. P (Suc m))  (LEAST n. P n)"
    proof (cases "(LEAST n. P n)")
      case 0
      then show ?thesis
        using § by (simp add: assms)
    next
      case Suc
      with § show ?thesis
        by (auto simp: Least_le)
    qed
  qed
qed (use assms in auto)

lemma Least_Suc2: "P n  Q m  ¬ P 0  k. P (Suc k) = Q k  Least P = Suc (Least Q)"
  by (erule (1) Least_Suc [THEN ssubst]) simp

lemma ex_least_nat_le:
  fixes P :: "nat  bool"
  assumes "P n" "¬ P 0" 
  shows "kn. (i<k. ¬ P i)  P k"
proof (cases n)
  case (Suc m)
  with assms show ?thesis
    by (blast intro: Least_le LeastI_ex dest: not_less_Least)
qed (use assms in auto)

lemma ex_least_nat_less:
  fixes P :: "nat  bool"
  assumes "P n" "¬ P 0" 
  shows "k<n. (ik. ¬ P i)  P (Suc k)"
proof (cases n)
  case (Suc m)
  then obtain k where k: "k  n" "i<k. ¬ P i" "P k"
    using ex_least_nat_le [OF assms] by blast
  show ?thesis 
    by (cases k) (use assms k less_eq_Suc_le in auto)
qed (use assms in auto)


lemma nat_less_induct:
  fixes P :: "nat  bool"
  assumes "n. m. m < n  P m  P n"
  shows "P n"
  using assms less_induct by blast

lemma measure_induct_rule [case_names less]:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::wellorder"
  assumes step: "x. (y. f y < f x  P y)  P x"
  shows "P a"
  by (induct m  "f a" arbitrary: a rule: less_induct) (auto intro: step)

text ‹old style induction rules:›
lemma measure_induct:
  fixes f :: "'a  'b::wellorder"
  shows "(x. y. f y < f x  P y  P x)  P a"
  by (rule measure_induct_rule [of f P a]) iprover

lemma full_nat_induct:
  assumes step: "n. (m. Suc m  n  P m)  P n"
  shows "P n"
  by (rule less_induct) (auto intro: step simp:le_simps)

text‹An induction rule for establishing binary relations›
lemma less_Suc_induct [consumes 1]:
  assumes less: "i < j"
    and step: "i. P i (Suc i)"
    and trans: "i j k. i < j  j < k  P i j  P j k  P i k"
  shows "P i j"
proof -
  from less obtain k where j: "j = Suc (i + k)"
    by (auto dest: less_imp_Suc_add)
  have "P i (Suc (i + k))"
  proof (induct k)
    case 0
    show ?case by (simp add: step)
  next
    case (Suc k)
    have "0 + i < Suc k + i" by (rule add_less_mono1) simp
    then have "i < Suc (i + k)" by (simp add: add.commute)
    from trans[OF this lessI Suc step]
    show ?case by simp
  qed
  then show "P i j" by (simp add: j)
qed

text ‹
  The method of infinite descent, frequently used in number theory.
  Provided by Roelof Oosterhuis.
  P n› is true for all natural numbers if
   case ``0'': given n = 0› prove P n›
   case ``smaller'': given n > 0› and ¬ P n› prove there exists
    a smaller natural number m› such that ¬ P m›.
›

lemma infinite_descent: "(n. ¬ P n  m<n. ¬ P m)  P n" for P :: "nat  bool"
  ― ‹compact version without explicit base case›
  by (induct n rule: less_induct) auto

lemma infinite_descent0 [case_names 0 smaller]:
  fixes P :: "nat  bool"
  assumes "P 0"
    and "n. n > 0  ¬ P n  m. m < n  ¬ P m"
  shows "P n"
proof (rule infinite_descent)
  fix n
  show "¬ P n  m<n. ¬ P m"
    using assms by (cases "n > 0") auto
qed

text ‹
  Infinite descent using a mapping to nat›:
  P x› is true for all x ∈ D› if there exists a V ∈ D ⇒ nat› and
   case ``0'': given V x = 0› prove P x›
   ``smaller'': given V x > 0› and ¬ P x› prove
  there exists a y ∈ D› such that V y < V x› and ¬ P y›.
›
corollary infinite_descent0_measure [case_names 0 smaller]:
  fixes V :: "'a  nat"
  assumes 1: "x. V x = 0  P x"
    and 2: "x. V x > 0  ¬ P x  y. V y < V x  ¬ P y"
  shows "P x"
proof -
  obtain n where "n = V x" by auto
  moreover have "x. V x = n  P x"
  proof (induct n rule: infinite_descent0)
    case 0
    with 1 show "P x" by auto
  next
    case (smaller n)
    then obtain x where *: "V x = n " and "V x > 0  ¬ P x" by auto
    with 2 obtain y where "V y < V x  ¬ P y" by auto
    with * obtain m where "m = V y  m < n  ¬ P y" by auto
    then show ?case by auto
  qed
  ultimately show "P x" by auto
qed

text ‹Again, without explicit base case:›
lemma infinite_descent_measure:
  fixes V :: "'a  nat"
  assumes "x. ¬ P x  y. V y < V x  ¬ P y"
  shows "P x"
proof -
  from assms obtain n where "n = V x" by auto
  moreover have "x. V x = n  P x"
  proof -
    have "m < V x. y. V y = m  ¬ P y" if "¬ P x" for x
      using assms and that by auto
    then show "x. V x = n  P x"
      by (induct n rule: infinite_descent, auto)
  qed
  ultimately show "P x" by auto
qed

text ‹A (clumsy) way of lifting <› monotonicity to ≤› monotonicity›
lemma less_mono_imp_le_mono:
  fixes f :: "nat  nat"
    and i j :: nat
  assumes "i j::nat. i < j  f i < f j"
    and "i  j"
  shows "f i  f j"
  using assms by (auto simp add: order_le_less)


text ‹non-strict, in 1st argument›
lemma add_le_mono1: "i  j  i + k  j + k"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (rule add_right_mono)

text ‹non-strict, in both arguments›
lemma add_le_mono: "i  j  k  l  i + k  j + l"
  for i j k l :: nat
  by (rule add_mono)

lemma le_add2: "n  m + n"
  for m n :: nat
  by simp

lemma le_add1: "n  n + m"
  for m n :: nat
  by simp

lemma less_add_Suc1: "i < Suc (i + m)"
  by (rule le_less_trans, rule le_add1, rule lessI)

lemma less_add_Suc2: "i < Suc (m + i)"
  by (rule le_less_trans, rule le_add2, rule lessI)

lemma less_iff_Suc_add: "m < n  (k. n = Suc (m + k))"
  by (iprover intro!: less_add_Suc1 less_imp_Suc_add)

lemma trans_le_add1: "i  j  i  j + m"
  for i j m :: nat
  by (rule le_trans, assumption, rule le_add1)

lemma trans_le_add2: "i  j  i  m + j"
  for i j m :: nat
  by (rule le_trans, assumption, rule le_add2)

lemma trans_less_add1: "i < j  i < j + m"
  for i j m :: nat
  by (rule less_le_trans, assumption, rule le_add1)

lemma trans_less_add2: "i < j  i < m + j"
  for i j m :: nat
  by (rule less_le_trans, assumption, rule le_add2)

lemma add_lessD1: "i + j < k  i < k"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (rule le_less_trans [of _ "i+j"]) (simp_all add: le_add1)

lemma not_add_less1 [iff]: "¬ i + j < i"
  for i j :: nat
  by simp

lemma not_add_less2 [iff]: "¬ j + i < i"
  for i j :: nat
  by simp

lemma add_leD1: "m + k  n  m  n"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (rule order_trans [of _ "m + k"]) (simp_all add: le_add1)

lemma add_leD2: "m + k  n  k  n"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (force simp add: add.commute dest: add_leD1)

lemma add_leE: "m + k  n  (m  n  k  n  R)  R"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (blast dest: add_leD1 add_leD2)

text ‹needs ⋀k› for ac_simps› to work›
lemma less_add_eq_less: "k. k < l  m + l = k + n  m < n"
  for l m n :: nat
  by (force simp del: add_Suc_right simp add: less_iff_Suc_add add_Suc_right [symmetric] ac_simps)


subsubsection ‹More results about difference›

lemma Suc_diff_le: "n  m  Suc m - n = Suc (m - n)"
  by (induct m n rule: diff_induct) simp_all

lemma diff_less_Suc: "m - n < Suc m"
  by (induct m n rule: diff_induct) (auto simp: less_Suc_eq)

lemma diff_le_self [simp]: "m - n  m"
  for m n :: nat
  by (induct m n rule: diff_induct) (simp_all add: le_SucI)

lemma less_imp_diff_less: "j < k  j - n < k"
  for j k n :: nat
  by (rule le_less_trans, rule diff_le_self)

lemma diff_Suc_less [simp]: "0 < n  n - Suc i < n"
  by (cases n) (auto simp add: le_simps)

lemma diff_add_assoc: "k  j  (i + j) - k = i + (j - k)"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (fact ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_diff_class.diff_add_assoc) 

lemma add_diff_assoc [simp]: "k  j  i + (j - k) = i + j - k"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (fact ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_diff_class.add_diff_assoc)

lemma diff_add_assoc2: "k  j  (j + i) - k = (j - k) + i"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (fact ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_diff_class.diff_add_assoc2)

lemma add_diff_assoc2 [simp]: "k  j  j - k + i = j + i - k"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (fact ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_diff_class.add_diff_assoc2)

lemma le_imp_diff_is_add: "i  j  (j - i = k) = (j = k + i)"
  for i j k :: nat
  by auto

lemma diff_is_0_eq [simp]: "m - n = 0  m  n"
  for m n :: nat
  by (induct m n rule: diff_induct) simp_all

lemma diff_is_0_eq' [simp]: "m  n  m - n = 0"
  for m n :: nat
  by (rule iffD2, rule diff_is_0_eq)

lemma zero_less_diff [simp]: "0 < n - m  m < n"
  for m n :: nat
  by (induct m n rule: diff_induct) simp_all

lemma less_imp_add_positive:
  assumes "i < j"
  shows "k::nat. 0 < k  i + k = j"
proof
  from assms show "0 < j - i  i + (j - i) = j"
    by (simp add: order_less_imp_le)
qed

text ‹a nice rewrite for bounded subtraction›
lemma nat_minus_add_max: "n - m + m = max n m"
  for m n :: nat
  by (simp add: max_def not_le order_less_imp_le)

lemma nat_diff_split: "P (a - b)  (a < b  P 0)  (d. a = b + d  P d)"
  for a b :: nat
  ― ‹elimination of -› on nat›
  by (cases "a < b") (auto simp add: not_less le_less dest!: add_eq_self_zero [OF sym])

lemma nat_diff_split_asm: "P (a - b)  ¬ (a < b  ¬ P 0  (d. a = b + d  ¬ P d))"
  for a b :: nat
  ― ‹elimination of -› on nat› in assumptions›
  by (auto split: nat_diff_split)

lemma Suc_pred': "0 < n  n = Suc(n - 1)"
  by simp

lemma add_eq_if: "m + n = (if m = 0 then n else Suc ((m - 1) + n))"
  unfolding One_nat_def by (cases m) simp_all

lemma mult_eq_if: "m * n = (if m = 0 then 0 else n + ((m - 1) * n))"
  for m n :: nat
  by (cases m) simp_all

lemma Suc_diff_eq_diff_pred: "0 < n  Suc m - n = m - (n - 1)"
  by (cases n) simp_all

lemma diff_Suc_eq_diff_pred: "m - Suc n = (m - 1) - n"
  by (cases m) simp_all

lemma Let_Suc [simp]: "Let (Suc n) f  f (Suc n)"
  by (fact Let_def)


subsubsection ‹Monotonicity of multiplication›

lemma mult_le_mono1: "i  j  i * k  j * k"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (simp add: mult_right_mono)

lemma mult_le_mono2: "i  j  k * i  k * j"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (simp add: mult_left_mono)

text ≤› monotonicity, BOTH arguments›
lemma mult_le_mono: "i  j  k  l  i * k  j * l"
  for i j k l :: nat
  by (simp add: mult_mono)

lemma mult_less_mono1: "i < j  0 < k  i * k < j * k"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (simp add: mult_strict_right_mono)

text ‹Differs from the standard zero_less_mult_iff› in that there are no negative numbers.›
lemma nat_0_less_mult_iff [simp]: "0 < m * n  0 < m  0 < n"
  for m n :: nat
proof (induct m)
  case 0
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc m)
  then show ?case by (cases n) simp_all
qed

lemma one_le_mult_iff [simp]: "Suc 0  m * n  Suc 0  m  Suc 0  n"
proof (induct m)
  case 0
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc m)
  then show ?case by (cases n) simp_all
qed

lemma mult_less_cancel2 [simp]: "m * k < n * k  0 < k  m < n"
  for k m n :: nat
proof (intro iffI conjI)
  assume m: "m * k < n * k"
  then show "0 < k"
    by (cases k) auto
  show "m < n"
  proof (cases k)
    case 0
    then show ?thesis
      using m by auto
  next
    case (Suc k')
    then show ?thesis
      using m
      by (simp flip: linorder_not_le) (blast intro: add_mono mult_le_mono1)
  qed
next
  assume "0 < k  m < n"
  then show "m * k < n * k"
    by (blast intro: mult_less_mono1)
qed

lemma mult_less_cancel1 [simp]: "k * m < k * n  0 < k  m < n"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (simp add: mult.commute [of k])

lemma mult_le_cancel1 [simp]: "k * m  k * n  (0 < k  m  n)"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (simp add: linorder_not_less [symmetric], auto)

lemma mult_le_cancel2 [simp]: "m * k  n * k  (0 < k  m  n)"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (simp add: linorder_not_less [symmetric], auto)

lemma Suc_mult_less_cancel1: "Suc k * m < Suc k * n  m < n"
  by (subst mult_less_cancel1) simp

lemma Suc_mult_le_cancel1: "Suc k * m  Suc k * n  m  n"
  by (subst mult_le_cancel1) simp

lemma le_square: "m  m * m"
  for m :: nat
  by (cases m) (auto intro: le_add1)

lemma le_cube: "m  m * (m * m)"
  for m :: nat
  by (cases m) (auto intro: le_add1)

text ‹Lemma for gcd›
lemma mult_eq_self_implies_10: 
  fixes m n :: nat
  assumes "m = m * n" shows "n = 1  m = 0"
proof (rule disjCI)
  assume "m  0"
  show "n = 1"
  proof (cases n "1::nat" rule: linorder_cases)
    case greater
    show ?thesis
      using assms mult_less_mono2 [OF greater, of m] m  0 by auto
  qed (use assms m  0 in auto)
qed

lemma mono_times_nat:
  fixes n :: nat
  assumes "n > 0"
  shows "mono (times n)"
proof
  fix m q :: nat
  assume "m  q"
  with assms show "n * m  n * q" by simp
qed

text ‹The lattice order on typnat.›

instantiation nat :: distrib_lattice
begin

definition "(inf :: nat  nat  nat) = min"

definition "(sup :: nat  nat  nat) = max"

instance
  by intro_classes
    (auto simp add: inf_nat_def sup_nat_def max_def not_le min_def
      intro: order_less_imp_le antisym elim!: order_trans order_less_trans)

end


subsection ‹Natural operation of natural numbers on functions›

text ‹
  We use the same logical constant for the power operations on
  functions and relations, in order to share the same syntax.
›

consts compow :: "nat  'a  'a"

abbreviation compower :: "'a  nat  'a" (infixr "^^" 80)
  where "f ^^ n  compow n f"

notation (latex output)
  compower ("(__)" [1000] 1000)

text f ^^ n = f ∘ … ∘ f›, the n›-fold composition of f›

overloading
  funpow  "compow :: nat  ('a  'a)  ('a  'a)"
begin

primrec funpow :: "nat  ('a  'a)  'a  'a"
  where
    "funpow 0 f = id"
  | "funpow (Suc n) f = f  funpow n f"

end

lemma funpow_0 [simp]: "(f ^^ 0) x = x"
  by simp

lemma funpow_Suc_right: "f ^^ Suc n = f ^^ n  f"
proof (induct n)
  case 0
  then show ?case by simp
next
  fix n
  assume "f ^^ Suc n = f ^^ n  f"
  then show "f ^^ Suc (Suc n) = f ^^ Suc n  f"
    by (simp add: o_assoc)
qed

lemmas funpow_simps_right = funpow.simps(1) funpow_Suc_right

text ‹For code generation.›

context
begin

qualified definition funpow :: "nat  ('a  'a)  'a  'a"
  where funpow_code_def [code_abbrev]: "funpow = compow"

lemma [code]:
  "funpow (Suc n) f = f  funpow n f"
  "funpow 0 f = id"
  by (simp_all add: funpow_code_def)

end

lemma funpow_add: "f ^^ (m + n) = f ^^ m  f ^^ n"
  by (induct m) simp_all

lemma funpow_mult: "(f ^^ m) ^^ n = f ^^ (m * n)"
  for f :: "'a  'a"
  by (induct n) (simp_all add: funpow_add)

lemma funpow_swap1: "f ((f ^^ n) x) = (f ^^ n) (f x)"
proof -
  have "f ((f ^^ n) x) = (f ^^ (n + 1)) x" by simp
  also have "  = (f ^^ n  f ^^ 1) x" by (simp only: funpow_add)
  also have " = (f ^^ n) (f x)" by simp
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma comp_funpow: "comp f ^^ n = comp (f ^^ n)"
  for f :: "'a  'a"
  by (induct n) simp_all

lemma Suc_funpow[simp]: "Suc ^^ n = ((+) n)"
  by (induct n) simp_all

lemma id_funpow[simp]: "id ^^ n = id"
  by (induct n) simp_all

lemma funpow_mono: "mono f  A  B  (f ^^ n) A  (f ^^ n) B"
  for f :: "'a  ('a::order)"
  by (induct n arbitrary: A B)
     (auto simp del: funpow.simps(2) simp add: funpow_Suc_right mono_def)

lemma funpow_mono2:
  assumes "mono f"
    and "i  j"
    and "x  y"
    and "x  f x"
  shows "(f ^^ i) x  (f ^^ j) y"
  using assms(2,3)
proof (induct j arbitrary: y)
  case 0
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc j)
  show ?case
  proof(cases "i = Suc j")
    case True
    with assms(1) Suc show ?thesis
      by (simp del: funpow.simps add: funpow_simps_right monoD funpow_mono)
  next
    case False
    with assms(1,4) Suc show ?thesis
      by (simp del: funpow.simps add: funpow_simps_right le_eq_less_or_eq less_Suc_eq_le)
        (simp add: Suc.hyps monoD order_subst1)
  qed
qed

lemma inj_fn[simp]:
  fixes f::"'a  'a"
  assumes "inj f"
  shows "inj (f^^n)"
proof (induction n)
  case Suc thus ?case using inj_compose[OF assms Suc.IH] by (simp del: comp_apply)
qed simp

lemma surj_fn[simp]:
  fixes f::"'a  'a"
  assumes "surj f"
  shows "surj (f^^n)"
proof (induction n)
  case Suc thus ?case by (simp add: comp_surj[OF Suc.IH assms] del: comp_apply)
qed simp

lemma bij_fn[simp]:
  fixes f::"'a  'a"
  assumes "bij f"
  shows "bij (f^^n)"
by (rule bijI[OF inj_fn[OF bij_is_inj[OF assms]] surj_fn[OF bij_is_surj[OF assms]]])

lemma bij_betw_funpow: contributor ‹Lars Noschinski›
  assumes "bij_betw f S S" shows "bij_betw (f ^^ n) S S"
proof (induct n)
  case 0 then show ?case by (auto simp: id_def[symmetric])
next
  case (Suc n)
  then show ?case unfolding funpow.simps using assms by (rule bij_betw_trans)
qed


subsection ‹Kleene iteration›

lemma Kleene_iter_lpfp:
  fixes f :: "'a::order_bot  'a"
  assumes "mono f"
    and "f p  p"
  shows "(f ^^ k) bot  p"
proof (induct k)
  case 0
  show ?case by simp
next
  case Suc
  show ?case
    using monoD[OF assms(1) Suc] assms(2) by simp
qed

lemma lfp_Kleene_iter:
  assumes "mono f"
    and "(f ^^ Suc k) bot = (f ^^ k) bot"
  shows "lfp f = (f ^^ k) bot"
proof (rule antisym)
  show "lfp f  (f ^^ k) bot"
  proof (rule lfp_lowerbound)
    show "f ((f ^^ k) bot)  (f ^^ k) bot"
      using assms(2) by simp
  qed
  show "(f ^^ k) bot  lfp f"
    using Kleene_iter_lpfp[OF assms(1)] lfp_unfold[OF assms(1)] by simp
qed

lemma mono_pow: "mono f  mono (f ^^ n)"
  for f :: "'a  'a::complete_lattice"
  by (induct n) (auto simp: mono_def)

lemma lfp_funpow:
  assumes f: "mono f"
  shows "lfp (f ^^ Suc n) = lfp f"
proof (rule antisym)
  show "lfp f  lfp (f ^^ Suc n)"
  proof (rule lfp_lowerbound)
    have "f (lfp (f ^^ Suc n)) = lfp (λx. f ((f ^^ n) x))"
      unfolding funpow_Suc_right by (simp add: lfp_rolling f mono_pow comp_def)
    then show "f (lfp (f ^^ Suc n))  lfp (f ^^ Suc n)"
      by (simp add: comp_def)
  qed
  have "(f ^^ n) (lfp f) = lfp f" for n
    by (induct n) (auto intro: f lfp_fixpoint)
  then show "lfp (f ^^ Suc n)  lfp f"
    by (intro lfp_lowerbound) (simp del: funpow.simps)
qed

lemma gfp_funpow:
  assumes f: "mono f"
  shows "gfp (f ^^ Suc n) = gfp f"
proof (rule antisym)
  show "gfp f  gfp (f ^^ Suc n)"
  proof (rule gfp_upperbound)
    have "f (gfp (f ^^ Suc n)) = gfp (λx. f ((f ^^ n) x))"
      unfolding funpow_Suc_right by (simp add: gfp_rolling f mono_pow comp_def)
    then show "f (gfp (f ^^ Suc n))  gfp (f ^^ Suc n)"
      by (simp add: comp_def)
  qed
  have "(f ^^ n) (gfp f) = gfp f" for n
    by (induct n) (auto intro: f gfp_fixpoint)
  then show "gfp (f ^^ Suc n)  gfp f"
    by (intro gfp_upperbound) (simp del: funpow.simps)
qed

lemma Kleene_iter_gpfp:
  fixes f :: "'a::order_top  'a"
  assumes "mono f"
    and "p  f p"
  shows "p  (f ^^ k) top"
proof (induct k)
  case 0
  show ?case by simp
next
  case Suc
  show ?case
    using monoD[OF assms(1) Suc] assms(2) by simp
qed

lemma gfp_Kleene_iter:
  assumes "mono f"
    and "(f ^^ Suc k) top = (f ^^ k) top"
  shows "gfp f = (f ^^ k) top"
    (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof (rule antisym)
  have "?rhs  f ?rhs"
    using assms(2) by simp
  then show "?rhs  ?lhs"
    by (rule gfp_upperbound)
  show "?lhs  ?rhs"
    using Kleene_iter_gpfp[OF assms(1)] gfp_unfold[OF assms(1)] by simp
qed


subsection ‹Embedding of the naturals into any semiring_1›: termof_nat

context semiring_1
begin

definition of_nat :: "nat  'a"
  where "of_nat n = (plus 1 ^^ n) 0"

lemma of_nat_simps [simp]:
  shows of_nat_0: "of_nat 0 = 0"
    and of_nat_Suc: "of_nat (Suc m) = 1 + of_nat m"
  by (simp_all add: of_nat_def)

lemma of_nat_1 [simp]: "of_nat 1 = 1"
  by (simp add: of_nat_def)

lemma of_nat_add [simp]: "of_nat (m + n) = of_nat m + of_nat n"
  by (induct m) (simp_all add: ac_simps)

lemma of_nat_mult [simp]: "of_nat (m * n) = of_nat m * of_nat n"
  by (induct m) (simp_all add: ac_simps distrib_right)

lemma mult_of_nat_commute: "of_nat x * y = y * of_nat x"
  by (induct x) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)

primrec of_nat_aux :: "('a  'a)  nat  'a  'a"
  where
    "of_nat_aux inc 0 i = i"
  | "of_nat_aux inc (Suc n) i = of_nat_aux inc n (inc i)" ― ‹tail recursive›

lemma of_nat_code: "of_nat n = of_nat_aux (λi. i + 1) n 0"
proof (induct n)
  case 0
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc n)
  have "i. of_nat_aux (λi. i + 1) n (i + 1) = of_nat_aux (λi. i + 1) n i + 1"
    by (induct n) simp_all
  from this [of 0] have "of_nat_aux (λi. i + 1) n 1 = of_nat_aux (λi. i + 1) n 0 + 1"
    by simp
  with Suc show ?case
    by (simp add: add.commute)
qed

lemma of_nat_of_bool [simp]:
  "of_nat (of_bool P) = of_bool P"
  by auto

end

declare of_nat_code [code]

context semiring_1_cancel
begin

lemma of_nat_diff:
  of_nat (m - n) = of_nat m - of_nat n if n  m
proof -
  from that obtain q where m = n + q
    by (blast dest: le_Suc_ex)
  then show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

end

text ‹Class for unital semirings with characteristic zero.
 Includes non-ordered rings like the complex numbers.›

class semiring_char_0 = semiring_1 +
  assumes inj_of_nat: "inj of_nat"
begin

lemma of_nat_eq_iff [simp]: "of_nat m = of_nat n  m = n"
  by (auto intro: inj_of_nat injD)

text ‹Special cases where either operand is zero›

lemma of_nat_0_eq_iff [simp]: "0 = of_nat n  0 = n"
  by (fact of_nat_eq_iff [of 0 n, unfolded of_nat_0])

lemma of_nat_eq_0_iff [simp]: "of_nat m = 0  m = 0"
  by (fact of_nat_eq_iff [of m 0, unfolded of_nat_0])

lemma of_nat_1_eq_iff [simp]: "1 = of_nat n  n=1"
  using of_nat_eq_iff by fastforce

lemma of_nat_eq_1_iff [simp]: "of_nat n = 1  n=1"
  using of_nat_eq_iff by fastforce

lemma of_nat_neq_0 [simp]: "of_nat (Suc n)  0"
  unfolding of_nat_eq_0_iff by simp

lemma of_nat_0_neq [simp]: "0  of_nat (Suc n)"
  unfolding of_nat_0_eq_iff by simp

end

class ring_char_0 = ring_1 + semiring_char_0

context linordered_nonzero_semiring
begin

lemma of_nat_0_le_iff [simp]: "0  of_nat n"
  by (induct n) simp_all

lemma of_nat_less_0_iff [simp]: "¬ of_nat m < 0"
  by (simp add: not_less)

lemma of_nat_mono[simp]: "i  j  of_nat i  of_nat j"
  by (auto simp: le_iff_add intro!: add_increasing2)

lemma of_nat_less_iff [simp]: "of_nat m < of_nat n  m < n"
proof(induct m n rule: diff_induct)
  case (1 m) then show ?case
    by auto
next
  case (2 n) then show ?case
    by (simp add: add_pos_nonneg)
next
  case (3 m n)
  then show ?case
    by (auto simp: add_commute [of 1] add_mono1 not_less add_right_mono leD)
qed

lemma of_nat_le_iff [simp]: "of_nat m  of_nat n  m  n"
  by (simp add: not_less [symmetric] linorder_not_less [symmetric])

lemma less_imp_of_nat_less: "m < n  of_nat m < of_nat n"
  by simp

lemma of_nat_less_imp_less: "of_nat m < of_nat n  m < n"
  by simp

text ‹Every linordered_nonzero_semiring› has characteristic zero.›

subclass semiring_char_0
  by standard (auto intro!: injI simp add: order.eq_iff)

text ‹Special cases where either operand is zero›

lemma of_nat_le_0_iff [simp]: "of_nat m  0  m = 0"
  by (rule of_nat_le_iff [of _ 0, simplified])

lemma of_nat_0_less_iff [simp]: "0 < of_nat n  0 < n"
  by (rule of_nat_less_iff [of 0, simplified])

end

context linordered_nonzero_semiring
begin

lemma of_nat_max: "of_nat (max x y) = max (of_nat x) (of_nat y)"
  by (auto simp: max_def ord_class.max_def)

lemma of_nat_min: "of_nat (min x y) = min (of_nat x) (of_nat y)"
  by (auto simp: min_def ord_class.min_def)

end

context linordered_semidom
begin

subclass linordered_nonzero_semiring ..

subclass semiring_char_0 ..

end

context linordered_idom
begin

lemma abs_of_nat [simp]:
  "¦of_nat n¦ = of_nat n"
  by (simp add: abs_if)

lemma sgn_of_nat [simp]:
  "sgn (of_nat n) = of_bool (n > 0)"
  by simp

end

lemma of_nat_id [simp]: "of_nat n = n"
  by (induct n) simp_all

lemma of_nat_eq_id [simp]: "of_nat = id"
  by (auto simp add: fun_eq_iff)


subsection ‹The set of natural numbers›

context semiring_1
begin

definition Nats :: "'a set"  ("")
  where " = range of_nat"

lemma of_nat_in_Nats [simp]: "of_nat n  "
  by (simp add: Nats_def)

lemma Nats_0 [simp]: "0  "
  using of_nat_0 [symmetric] unfolding Nats_def
  by (rule range_eqI)

lemma Nats_1 [simp]: "1  "
  using of_nat_1 [symmetric] unfolding Nats_def
  by (rule range_eqI)

lemma Nats_add [simp]: "a    b    a + b  "
  unfolding Nats_def using of_nat_add [symmetric]
  by (blast intro: range_eqI)

lemma Nats_mult [simp]: "a    b    a * b  "
  unfolding Nats_def using of_nat_mult [symmetric]
  by (blast intro: range_eqI)

lemma Nats_cases [cases set: Nats]:
  assumes "x  "
  obtains (of_nat) n where "x = of_nat n"
  unfolding Nats_def
proof -
  from x   have "x  range of_nat" unfolding Nats_def .
  then obtain n where "x = of_nat n" ..
  then show thesis ..
qed

lemma Nats_induct [case_names of_nat, induct set: Nats]: "x    (n. P (of_nat n))  P x"
  by (rule Nats_cases) auto

lemma Nats_nonempty [simp]: "  {}"
  unfolding Nats_def by auto

end

lemma Nats_diff [simp]:
  fixes a:: "'a::linordered_idom"
  assumes "a  " "b  " "b  a" shows "a - b  "
proof -
  obtain i where i: "a = of_nat i"
    using Nats_cases assms by blast
  obtain j where j: "b = of_nat j"
    using Nats_cases assms by blast
  have "j  i"
    using b  a i j of_nat_le_iff by blast
  then have *: "of_nat i - of_nat j = (of_nat (i-j) :: 'a)"
    by (simp add: of_nat_diff)
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: * i j)
qed


subsection ‹Further arithmetic facts concerning the natural numbers›

lemma subst_equals:
  assumes "t = s" and "u = t"
  shows "u = s"
  using assms(2,1) by (rule trans)

locale nat_arith
begin

lemma add1: "(A::'a::comm_monoid_add)  k + a  A + b  k + (a + b)"
  by (simp only: ac_simps)

lemma add2: "(B::'a::comm_monoid_add)  k + b  a + B  k + (a + b)"
  by (simp only: ac_simps)

lemma suc1: "A == k + a  Suc A  k + Suc a"
  by (simp only: add_Suc_right)

lemma rule0: "(a::'a::comm_monoid_add)  a + 0"
  by (simp only: add_0_right)

end

ML_file ‹Tools/nat_arith.ML›

simproc_setup nateq_cancel_sums
  ("(l::nat) + m = n" | "(l::nat) = m + n" | "Suc m = n" | "m = Suc n") =
  K (try o Nat_Arith.cancel_eq_conv)

simproc_setup natless_cancel_sums
  ("(l::nat) + m < n" | "(l::nat) < m + n" | "Suc m < n" | "m < Suc n") =
  K (try o Nat_Arith.cancel_less_conv)

simproc_setup natle_cancel_sums
  ("(l::nat) + m  n" | "(l::nat)  m + n" | "Suc m  n" | "m  Suc n") =
  K (try o Nat_Arith.cancel_le_conv)

simproc_setup natdiff_cancel_sums
  ("(l::nat) + m - n" | "(l::nat) - (m + n)" | "Suc m - n" | "m - Suc n") =
  K (try o Nat_Arith.cancel_diff_conv)

context order
begin

lemma lift_Suc_mono_le:
  assumes mono: "n. f n  f (Suc n)"
    and "n  n'"
  shows "f n  f n'"
proof (cases "n < n'")
  case True
  then show ?thesis
    by (induct n n' rule: less_Suc_induct) (auto intro: mono)
next
  case False
  with n  n' show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma lift_Suc_antimono_le:
  assumes mono: "n. f n  f (Suc n)"
    and "n  n'"
  shows "f n  f n'"
proof (cases "n < n'")
  case True
  then show ?thesis
    by (induct n n' rule: less_Suc_induct) (auto intro: mono)
next
  case False
  with n  n' show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma lift_Suc_mono_less:
  assumes mono: "n. f n < f (Suc n)"
    and "n < n'"
  shows "f n < f n'"
  using n < n' by (induct n n' rule: less_Suc_induct) (auto intro: mono)

lemma lift_Suc_mono_less_iff: "(n. f n < f (Suc n))  f n < f m  n < m"
  by (blast intro: less_asym' lift_Suc_mono_less [of f]
    dest: linorder_not_less[THEN iffD1] le_eq_less_or_eq [THEN iffD1])

end

lemma mono_iff_le_Suc: "mono f  (n. f n  f (Suc n))"
  unfolding mono_def by (auto intro: lift_Suc_mono_le [of f])

lemma antimono_iff_le_Suc: "antimono f  (n. f (Suc n)  f n)"
  unfolding antimono_def by (auto intro: lift_Suc_antimono_le [of f])

lemma strict_mono_Suc_iff: "strict_mono f  (n. f n < f (Suc n))"
proof (intro iffI strict_monoI)
  assume *: "n. f n < f (Suc n)"
  fix m n :: nat assume "m < n"
  thus "f m < f n"
    by (induction rule: less_Suc_induct) (use * in auto)
qed (auto simp: strict_mono_def)

lemma strict_mono_add: "strict_mono (λn::'a::linordered_semidom. n + k)"
  by (auto simp: strict_mono_def)

lemma mono_nat_linear_lb:
  fixes f :: "nat  nat"
  assumes "m n. m < n  f m < f n"
  shows "f m + k  f (m + k)"
proof (induct k)
  case 0
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc k)
  then have "Suc (f m + k)  Suc (f (m + k))" by simp
  also from assms [of "m + k" "Suc (m + k)"] have "Suc (f (m + k))  f (Suc (m + k))"
    by (simp add: Suc_le_eq)
  finally show ?case by simp
qed


text ‹Subtraction laws, mostly by Clemens Ballarin›

lemma diff_less_mono:
  fixes a b c :: nat
  assumes "a < b" and "c  a"
  shows "a - c < b - c"
proof -
  from assms obtain d e where "b = c + (d + e)" and "a = c + e" and "d > 0"
    by (auto dest!: le_Suc_ex less_imp_Suc_add simp add: ac_simps)
  then show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma less_diff_conv: "i < j - k  i + k < j"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (cases "k  j") (auto simp add: not_le dest: less_imp_Suc_add le_Suc_ex)

lemma less_diff_conv2: "k  j  j - k < i  j < i + k"
  for j k i :: nat
  by (auto dest: le_Suc_ex)

lemma le_diff_conv: "j - k  i  j  i + k"
  for j k i :: nat
  by (cases "k  j") (auto simp add: not_le dest!: less_imp_Suc_add le_Suc_ex)

lemma diff_diff_cancel [simp]: "i  n  n - (n - i) = i"
  for i n :: nat
  by (auto dest: le_Suc_ex)

lemma diff_less [simp]: "0 < n  0 < m  m - n < m"
  for i n :: nat
  by (auto dest: less_imp_Suc_add)

text ‹Simplification of relational expressions involving subtraction›

lemma diff_diff_eq: "k  m  k  n  m - k - (n - k) = m - n"
  for m n k :: nat
  by (auto dest!: le_Suc_ex)

hide_fact (open) diff_diff_eq

lemma eq_diff_iff: "k  m  k  n  m - k = n - k  m = n"
  for m n k :: nat
  by (auto dest: le_Suc_ex)

lemma less_diff_iff: "k  m  k  n  m - k < n - k  m < n"
  for m n k :: nat
  by (auto dest!: le_Suc_ex)

lemma le_diff_iff: "k  m  k  n  m - k  n - k  m  n"
  for m n k :: nat
  by (auto dest!: le_Suc_ex)

lemma le_diff_iff': "a  c  b  c  c - a  c - b  b  a"
  for a b c :: nat
  by (force dest: le_Suc_ex)


text ‹(Anti)Monotonicity of subtraction -- by Stephan Merz›

lemma diff_le_mono: "m  n  m - l  n - l"
  for m n l :: nat
  by (auto dest: less_imp_le less_imp_Suc_add split: nat_diff_split)

lemma diff_le_mono2: "m  n  l - n  l - m"
  for m n l :: nat
  by (auto dest: less_imp_le le_Suc_ex less_imp_Suc_add less_le_trans split: nat_diff_split)

lemma diff_less_mono2: "m < n  m < l  l - n < l - m"
  for m n l :: nat
  by (auto dest: less_imp_Suc_add split: nat_diff_split)

lemma diffs0_imp_equal: "m - n = 0  n - m = 0  m = n"
  for m n :: nat
  by (simp split: nat_diff_split)

lemma min_diff: "min (m - i) (n - i) = min m n - i"
  for m n i :: nat
  by (cases m n rule: le_cases)
    (auto simp add: not_le min.absorb1 min.absorb2 min.absorb_iff1 [symmetric] diff_le_mono)

lemma inj_on_diff_nat:
  fixes k :: nat
  assumes "n. n  N  k  n"
  shows "inj_on (λn. n - k) N"
proof (rule inj_onI)
  fix x y
  assume a: "x  N" "y  N" "x - k = y - k"
  with assms have "x - k + k = y - k + k" by auto
  with a assms show "x = y" by (auto simp add: eq_diff_iff)
qed

text ‹Rewriting to pull differences out›

lemma diff_diff_right [simp]: "k  j  i - (j - k) = i + k - j"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (fact diff_diff_right)

lemma diff_Suc_diff_eq1 [simp]:
  assumes "k  j"
  shows "i - Suc (j - k) = i + k - Suc j"
proof -
  from assms have *: "Suc (j - k) = Suc j - k"
    by (simp add: Suc_diff_le)
  from assms have "k  Suc j"
    by (rule order_trans) simp
  with diff_diff_right [of k "Suc j" i] * show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

lemma diff_Suc_diff_eq2 [simp]:
  assumes "k  j"
  shows "Suc (j - k) - i = Suc j - (k + i)"
proof -
  from assms obtain n where "j = k + n"
    by (auto dest: le_Suc_ex)
  moreover have "Suc n - i = (k + Suc n) - (k + i)"
    using add_diff_cancel_left [of k "Suc n" i] by simp
  ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma Suc_diff_Suc:
  assumes "n < m"
  shows "Suc (m - Suc n) = m - n"
proof -
  from assms obtain q where "m = n + Suc q"
    by (auto dest: less_imp_Suc_add)
  moreover define r where "r = Suc q"
  ultimately have "Suc (m - Suc n) = r" and "m = n + r"
    by simp_all
  then show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma one_less_mult: "Suc 0 < n  Suc 0 < m  Suc 0 < m * n"
  using less_1_mult [of n m] by (simp add: ac_simps)

lemma n_less_m_mult_n: "0 < n  Suc 0 < m  n < m * n"
  using mult_strict_right_mono [of 1 m n] by simp

lemma n_less_n_mult_m: "0 < n  Suc 0 < m  n < n * m"
  using mult_strict_left_mono [of 1 m n] by simp


text ‹Induction starting beyond zero›

lemma nat_induct_at_least [consumes 1, case_names base Suc]:
  "P n" if "n  m" "P m" "n. n  m  P n  P (Suc n)"
proof -
  define q where "q = n - m"
  with n  m have "n = m + q"
    by simp
  moreover have "P (m + q)"
    by (induction q) (use that in simp_all)
  ultimately show "P n"
    by simp
qed

lemma nat_induct_non_zero [consumes 1, case_names 1 Suc]:
  "P n" if "n > 0" "P 1" "n. n > 0  P n  P (Suc n)"
proof -
  from n > 0 have "n  1"
    by (cases n) simp_all
  moreover note P 1
  moreover have "n. n  1  P n  P (Suc n)"
    using n. n > 0  P n  P (Suc n)
    by (simp add: Suc_le_eq)
  ultimately show "P n"
    by (rule nat_induct_at_least)
qed


text ‹Specialized induction principles that work "backwards":›

lemma inc_induct [consumes 1, case_names base step]:
  assumes less: "i  j"
    and base: "P j"
    and step: "n. i  n  n < j  P (Suc n)  P n"
  shows "P i"
  using less step
proof (induct "j - i" arbitrary: i)
  case (0 i)
  then have "i = j" by simp
  with base show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc d n)
  from Suc.hyps have "n  j" by auto
  with Suc have "n < j" by (simp add: less_le)
  from Suc d = j - n have "d + 1 = j - n" by simp
  then have "d + 1 - 1 = j - n - 1" by simp
  then have "d = j - n - 1" by simp
  then have "d = j - (n + 1)" by (simp add: diff_diff_eq)
  then have "d = j - Suc n" by simp
  moreover from n < j have "Suc n  j" by (simp add: Suc_le_eq)
  ultimately have "P (Suc n)"
  proof (rule Suc.hyps)
    fix q
    assume "Suc n  q"
    then have "n  q" by (simp add: Suc_le_eq less_imp_le)
    moreover assume "q < j"
    moreover assume "P (Suc q)"
    ultimately show "P q" by (rule Suc.prems)
  qed
  with order_refl n < j show "P n" by (rule Suc.prems)
qed

lemma strict_inc_induct [consumes 1, case_names base step]:
  assumes less: "i < j"
    and base: "i. j = Suc i  P i"
    and step: "i. i < j  P (Suc i)  P i"
  shows "P i"
using less proof (induct "j - i - 1" arbitrary: i)
  case (0 i)
  from i < j obtain n where "j = i + n" and "n > 0"
    by (auto dest!: less_imp_Suc_add)
  with 0 have "j = Suc i"
    by (auto intro: order_antisym simp add: Suc_le_eq)
  with base show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc d i)
  from Suc d = j - i - 1 have *: "Suc d = j - Suc i"
    by (simp add: diff_diff_add)
  then have "Suc d - 1 = j - Suc i - 1" by simp
  then have "d = j - Suc i - 1" by simp
  moreover from * have "j - Suc i  0" by auto
  then have "Suc i < j" by (simp add: not_le)
  ultimately have "P (Suc i)" by (rule Suc.hyps)
  with i < j show "P i" by (rule step)
qed

lemma zero_induct_lemma: "P k  (n. P (Suc n)  P n)  P (k - i)"
  using inc_induct[of "k - i" k P, simplified] by blast

lemma zero_induct: "P k  (n. P (Suc n)  P n)  P 0"
  using inc_induct[of 0 k P] by blast

text ‹Further induction rule similar to @{thm inc_induct}.›

lemma dec_induct [consumes 1, case_names base step]:
  "i  j  P i  (n. i  n  n < j  P n  P (Suc n))  P j"
proof (induct j arbitrary: i)
  case 0
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc j)
  from Suc.prems consider "i  j" | "i = Suc j"
    by (auto simp add: le_Suc_eq)
  then show ?case
  proof cases
    case 1
    moreover have "j < Suc j" by simp
    moreover have "P j" using i  j P i
    proof (rule Suc.hyps)
      fix q
      assume "i  q"
      moreover assume "q < j" then have "q < Suc j"
        by (simp add: less_Suc_eq)
      moreover assume "P q"
      ultimately show "P (Suc q)" by (rule Suc.prems)
    qed
    ultimately show "P (Suc j)" by (rule Suc.prems)
  next
    case 2
    with P i show "P (Suc j)" by simp
  qed
qed

lemma transitive_stepwise_le:
  assumes "m  n" "x. R x x" "x y z. R x y  R y z  R x z" and "n. R n (Suc n)"
  shows "R m n"
using m  n  
  by (induction rule: dec_induct) (use assms in blast)+


subsubsection ‹Greatest operator›

lemma ex_has_greatest_nat:
  "P (k::nat)  y. P y  y  b  x. P x  (y. P y  y  x)"
proof (induction "b-k" arbitrary: b k rule: less_induct)
  case less
  show ?case
  proof cases
    assume "n>k. P n"
    then obtain n where "n>k" "P n" by blast
    have "n  b" using P n less.prems(2) by auto
    hence "b-n < b-k"
      by(rule diff_less_mono2[OF k<n less_le_trans[OF k<n]])
    from less.hyps[OF this P n less.prems(2)]
    show ?thesis .
  next
    assume "¬ (n>k. P n)"
    hence "y. P y  y  k" by (auto simp: not_less)
    thus ?thesis using less.prems(1) by auto
  qed
qed

lemma
  fixes k::nat
  assumes "P k" and minor: "y. P y  y  b"
  shows GreatestI_nat: "P (Greatest P)" 
    and Greatest_le_nat: "k  Greatest P"
proof -
  obtain x where "P x" "y. P y  y  x"
    using assms ex_has_greatest_nat by blast
  with P k show "P (Greatest P)" "k  Greatest P"
    using GreatestI2_order by blast+
qed

lemma GreatestI_ex_nat:
  " k::nat. P k;  y. P y  y  b   P (Greatest P)"
  by (blast intro: GreatestI_nat)


subsection ‹Monotonicity of funpow›

lemma funpow_increasing: "m  n  mono f  (f ^^ n)   (f ^^ m) "
  for f :: "'a::{lattice,order_top}  'a"
  by (induct rule: inc_induct)
    (auto simp del: funpow.simps(2) simp add: funpow_Suc_right
      intro: order_trans[OF _ funpow_mono])

lemma funpow_decreasing: "m  n  mono f  (f ^^ m)   (f ^^ n) "
  for f :: "'a::{lattice,order_bot}  'a"
  by (induct rule: dec_induct)
    (auto simp del: funpow.simps(2) simp add: funpow_Suc_right
      intro: order_trans[OF _ funpow_mono])

lemma mono_funpow: "mono Q  mono (λi. (Q ^^ i) )"
  for Q :: "'a::{lattice,order_bot}  'a"
  by (auto intro!: funpow_decreasing simp: mono_def)

lemma antimono_funpow: "mono Q  antimono (λi. (Q ^^ i) )"
  for Q :: "'a::{lattice,order_top}  'a"
  by (auto intro!: funpow_increasing simp: antimono_def)


subsection ‹The divides relation on typnat

lemma dvd_1_left [iff]: "Suc 0 dvd k"
  by (simp add: dvd_def)

lemma dvd_1_iff_1 [simp]: "m dvd Suc 0  m = Suc 0"
  by (simp add: dvd_def)

lemma nat_dvd_1_iff_1 [simp]: "m dvd 1  m = 1"
  for m :: nat
  by (simp add: dvd_def)

lemma dvd_antisym: "m dvd n  n dvd m  m = n"
  for m n :: nat
  unfolding dvd_def by (force dest: mult_eq_self_implies_10 simp add: mult.assoc)

lemma dvd_diff_nat [simp]: "k dvd m  k dvd n  k dvd (m - n)"
  for k m n :: nat
  unfolding dvd_def by (blast intro: right_diff_distrib' [symmetric])

lemma dvd_diffD: 
  fixes k m n :: nat
  assumes "k dvd m - n" "k dvd n" "n  m"
  shows "k dvd m"
proof -
  have "k dvd n + (m - n)"
    using assms by (blast intro: dvd_add)
  with assms show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

lemma dvd_diffD1: "k dvd m - n  k dvd m  n  m  k dvd n"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (drule_tac m = m in dvd_diff_nat) auto

lemma dvd_mult_cancel:
  fixes m n k :: nat
  assumes "k * m dvd k * n" and "0 < k"
  shows "m dvd n"
proof -
  from assms(1) obtain q where "k * n = (k * m) * q" ..
  then have "k * n = k * (m * q)" by (simp add: ac_simps)
  with 0 < k have "n = m * q" by (auto simp add: mult_left_cancel)
  then show ?thesis ..
qed

lemma dvd_mult_cancel1:
  fixes m n :: nat
  assumes "0 < m"
  shows "m * n dvd m  n = 1"
proof 
  assume "m * n dvd m"
  then have "m * n dvd m * 1"
    by simp
  then have "n dvd 1"
    by (iprover intro: assms dvd_mult_cancel)
  then show "n = 1"
    by auto
qed auto

lemma dvd_mult_cancel2: "0 < m  n * m dvd m  n = 1"
  for m n :: nat
  using dvd_mult_cancel1 [of m n] by (simp add: ac_simps)

lemma dvd_imp_le: "k dvd n  0 < n  k  n"
  for k n :: nat
  by (auto elim!: dvdE) (auto simp add: gr0_conv_Suc)

lemma nat_dvd_not_less: "0 < m  m < n  ¬ n dvd m"
  for m n :: nat
  by (auto elim!: dvdE) (auto simp add: gr0_conv_Suc)

lemma less_eq_dvd_minus:
  fixes m n :: nat
  assumes "m  n"
  shows "m dvd n  m dvd n - m"
proof -
  from assms have "n = m + (n - m)" by simp
  then obtain q where "n = m + q" ..
  then show ?thesis by (simp add: add.commute [of m])
qed

lemma dvd_minus_self: "m dvd n - m  n < m  m dvd n"
  for m n :: nat
  by (cases "n < m") (auto elim!: dvdE simp add: not_less le_imp_diff_is_add dest: less_imp_le)

lemma dvd_minus_add:
  fixes m n q r :: nat
  assumes "q  n" "q  r * m"
  shows "m dvd n - q  m dvd n + (r * m - q)"
proof -
  have "m dvd n - q  m dvd r * m + (n - q)"
    using dvd_add_times_triv_left_iff [of m r] by simp
  also from assms have "  m dvd r * m + n - q" by simp
  also from assms have "  m dvd (r * m - q) + n" by simp
  also have "  m dvd n + (r * m - q)" by (simp add: add.commute)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed


subsection ‹Aliasses›

lemma nat_mult_1: "1 * n = n"
  for n :: nat
  by (fact mult_1_left)

lemma nat_mult_1_right: "n * 1 = n"
  for n :: nat
  by (fact mult_1_right)

lemma diff_mult_distrib: "(m - n) * k = (m * k) - (n * k)"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (fact left_diff_distrib')

lemma diff_mult_distrib2: "k * (m - n) = (k * m) - (k * n)"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (fact right_diff_distrib')

(*Used in AUTO2 and Groups.le_diff_conv2 (with variables renamed) doesn't work for some reason*)
lemma le_diff_conv2: "k  j  (i  j - k) = (i + k  j)"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (fact le_diff_conv2) 

lemma diff_self_eq_0 [simp]: "m - m = 0"
  for m :: nat
  by (fact diff_cancel)

lemma diff_diff_left [simp]: "i - j - k = i - (j + k)"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (fact diff_diff_add)

lemma diff_commute: "i - j - k = i - k - j"
  for i j k :: nat
  by (fact diff_right_commute)

lemma diff_add_inverse: "(n + m) - n = m"
  for m n :: nat
  by (fact add_diff_cancel_left')

lemma diff_add_inverse2: "(m + n) - n = m"
  for m n :: nat
  by (fact add_diff_cancel_right')

lemma diff_cancel: "(k + m) - (k + n) = m - n"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (fact add_diff_cancel_left)

lemma diff_cancel2: "(m + k) - (n + k) = m - n"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (fact add_diff_cancel_right)

lemma diff_add_0: "n - (n + m) = 0"
  for m n :: nat
  by (fact diff_add_zero)

lemma add_mult_distrib2: "k * (m + n) = (k * m) + (k * n)"
  for k m n :: nat
  by (fact distrib_left)

lemmas nat_distrib =
  add_mult_distrib distrib_left diff_mult_distrib diff_mult_distrib2


subsection ‹Size of a datatype value›

class size =
  fixes size :: "'a  nat" ― ‹see further theory Wellfounded›

instantiation nat :: size
begin

definition size_nat where [simp, code]: "size (n::nat) = n"

instance ..

end

lemmas size_nat = size_nat_def

lemma size_neq_size_imp_neq: "size x  size y  x  y"
  by (erule contrapos_nn) (rule arg_cong)


subsection ‹Code module namespace›

code_identifier
  code_module Nat  (SML) Arith and (OCaml) Arith and (Haskell) Arith

hide_const (open) of_nat_aux

end