Example: provenance_via_io_bytewise_global.c

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    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include <inttypes.h>
    int x=1;
    int main() {
      int *p = &x;
      FILE *f = fopen(
        "provenance_via_io_bytewise_global.tmp","w+b");
      printf("Addresses: p=%p\n",(void*)p);
      // output pointer address to a file
      int nw = fwrite(&p, 1, sizeof(int *), f);
      if (nw != sizeof(int *)) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); 
      rewind(f);
      int *r;
      int nr = fread(&r, 1, sizeof(int *), f);
      if (nr != sizeof(int *)) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); 
      printf("Addresses: r=%p\n",(void*)r);
      // are r and p now equivalent?  
      *r=12; // is this free of undefined behaviour?                                                           
      _Bool b1 = (r==p); // do they compare equal?                      
      _Bool b2 = (0==memcmp(&r,&p,sizeof(r)));//same reps?
      printf("x=%i *r=%i b1=%s b2=%s\n",x,*r,
             b1?"true":"false",b2?"true":"false");
    }

Experimental data (what does this mean?)

gcc-8.3-O0
 
Addresses: p=0x100001048
Addresses: r=0x100001048
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

gcc-8.3-O2
 
Addresses: p=0x100001040
Addresses: r=0x100001040
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

gcc-8.3-O3
 
Addresses: p=0x100001040
Addresses: r=0x100001040
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

gcc-8.3-O2-no-strict-aliasing
 
Addresses: p=0x100001040
Addresses: r=0x100001040
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

gcc-8.3-O3-no-strict-aliasing
 
Addresses: p=0x100001040
Addresses: r=0x100001040
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

clang-7.0.1-O0
 
Addresses: p=0x100001048
Addresses: r=0x100001048
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

clang-7.0.1-O2
 
Addresses: p=0x100001040
Addresses: r=0x100001040
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

clang-7.0.1-O3
 
Addresses: p=0x100001040
Addresses: r=0x100001040
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

clang-7.0.1-O2-no-strict-aliasing
 
Addresses: p=0x100001040
Addresses: r=0x100001040
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

clang-7.0.1-O3-no-strict-aliasing
 
Addresses: p=0x100001040
Addresses: r=0x100001040
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

icc-19-O0
 
Addresses: p=0x600e60
Addresses: r=0x600e60
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

icc-19-O2
 
Addresses: p=0x6046e0
Addresses: r=0x6046e0
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

icc-19-O3
 
Addresses: p=0x6046e0
Addresses: r=0x6046e0
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

icc-19-O2-no-strict-aliasing
 
Addresses: p=0x6046e0
Addresses: r=0x6046e0
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true

icc-19-O3-no-strict-aliasing
 
Addresses: p=0x6046e0
Addresses: r=0x6046e0
x=12 *r=12 b1=true b2=true