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\begin{document}

\begin{center}
{\Large\bf
A selective bibliography on the lexicon in MT}\\[0.1in]
{\large\bf Ann Copestake}\\
CSLI, Stanford University\\
{\tt aac@csli.stanford.edu}
\end{center}

This bibliography includes references to some of the recent work in
the following areas: lexicalist and semantic
transfer based MT approaches, lexical semantics in MT,
acquisition of monolingual and multilingual lexical information.
For lexical semantics and acquisition from a monolingual perspective, see
also the bibliography for the 1996 ACL tutorial on
Lexical Semantics: available via my home page:
{\tt http://www-csli.stanford.edu/users/aac}. 
Note also the Journal of Machine Translation Special issue on 
Building Lexicons for MT: 9:3--4, 10:1--2, plus 
Klavans and Tzoukermann in 10:3--4. 
References below are listed with URLs where I'm aware of them:
{\tt cmp-lg} indicates the 
Computation and language electronic archive which can be accessed
via {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/cmp-lg/}.

Some other sources of online information and resources, which may be useful:
\begin{itemize}
\item Bibliography of NLP at University of Essex:\\
{\tt http://clwww.essex.ac.uk/search/}\\
(Searchable 
via the WWW - other bibliographic databases also linked.)  This is the best
online bibliography for MT that I'm aware of, though it's apparently
not fully up-to-date.
\item Chris Manning's list of NLP resources, now at:\\
{\tt http://www.arts.su.edu.au/Arts/departs/ling/manning/statnlp.html}\\
This has a very good set of links to sources of corpora etc.
\item SIGLEX --- ACL special interest group on the lexicon:\\
{\tt http://www.seas.upenn.edu/$\sim$gemilord/siglex2.html}
\item LDC --- mostly AmE spoken corpora, but also 
some text corpora and COMLEX dictionaries: {\tt http://www.ldc.upenn.edu}.
\item CRL --- no longer funded, but useful wordlists and tools still available,
concentrating much more on the lexicon than LDC does:\\
{\tt http://crl.nmsu.edu/clr/CLR.html}
\item ELRA --- European languages resources association:\\
{\tt http://www.icp.grenet.fr/ELRA/home.html}
\item MULTEXT --- freely available tools and corpora for non-commercial 
purposes:\\
{\tt http://www.lpl.univ-aix.fr/projects/multext/}
\end{itemize}



\section*{References}

\begin{list}{}
   {\leftmargin 1.6em
    \itemindent -\leftmargin
    \itemsep 0pt plus 1pt
    \parsep 0pt plus 1pt}

\procart{Ageno, A., I. Castellon, G. Rigau, H. Rodriguez, M.F.~Verdejo, 
M.A.~Marti and  M.~Taule}
{SEISD: An environment for extraction of semantic information from
on-line dictionaries}
{3rd Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-92)} 
{Trento, Italy}
{253--255}
{1992}

\procartnopp{Ageno, A., F. Ribas, G. Rigau, H. Rodriguez, A. Samiotou}
{TGE: Tlinks Generation Environment} 
{15th International Congress on Computational Linguistics (COLING 94)}
{Kyoto, Japan}
{1994}

\book{Alshawi, H. (ed.)}
     {The Core Language Engine}
     {MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass}
     {1992}

\procartnopp{Alshawi, H.}
        {Qualitative and quantitative models of speech translation}
        {Workshop on the Balancing Act, ACL-94}
        {Las Cruces, New Mexico}
        {1994}
\url{cmp-lg/9408014}

\procart{Alshawi, H.}
    {Head automata and bilingual tiling: 
translation with minimal representation}
    {34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics (ACL-96)}
    {Santa Cruz, California}
    {167--176}
    {1996}

\procart{Alshawi, H., D. Carter, M. Rayner and B. Gamb\"ack}
    {Translation by Quasi Logical Form transfer}
    {29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics (ACL-91)}
    {Berkeley, California}
    {161--168}
    {1991}
\url{http://www.cam.sr.com/tr/crc021/paper.ps.Z}

\journart{Arnold, D. and L.~Sadler}
    {The theoretical basis of MiMo}
    {Machine Translation}
    {5 (3)}
    {195--222}
    {1990}

\unpub{Beaven, J.~L.}
    {Lexicalist unification-based machine translation}
    {PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh}
    {1992}

\procart{Black, E., F. Jelinek, J.~Lafferty, D.M.~Magerman, R.~Mercer,
S.~Roukos}
{Towards history-based grammars: using richer models for probabilistic
parsers}
         {31st Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational
           Linguistics}
{Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio}
{31--37}
{1993}

\book{Boguraev, B. and ~E.~J.~Briscoe (eds)}
   {Computational lexicography for natural language processing}
   {Longman, London}
   {1989}

\procart{Brent, M.}
         {Automatic acquisition of subcategorization frames from untagged text}
         {29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics}
         {Berkeley, CA}
         {209--214}
         {1991}

\journart{Brent, M.}
         {From grammar to lexicon: unsupervised learning of lexical syntax}
         {Computational Linguistics}
         {19.3}
         {243--262}
         {1993}

\unpub{Briscoe, E.J. and J. Carroll}
{Towards automatic extraction of argument structure from corpora}
{ACQUILEX~II Working Paper}
{1995}

\journart{Brown, P. F., J.~Cocke, S.A.~DellaPietra, V.J.~DellaPietra,
F.~Jelinek, J.D.~Lafferty, R.L.~Mercer and P.S.~Roosin}
{A statistical approach to Machine Translation}
        {Computational Linguistics}
        {16(2)}
        {79--85}
        {1990}


\procart{Brown, P. F., J~.Lai and R.L.~Mercer}
        {Aligning sentences in parallel corpora}
    {29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics (ACL-91)}
    {Berkeley, California}
    {169--176}
    {1991}

\bookart{Carroll, J. and C. Grover}
   {The derivation of a large computational lexicon for English from LDOCE}
   {117--134}
   {Computational lexicography for natural language processing}
   {B.~Boguraev and E.~J. Briscoe}
   {Longman, London}
   {1989}

\procartnopp{Catizone, R., G.~Russel and S. Warwick}
{Deriving translation data from bilingual texts}
{First International Acquisition Workshop}
{Detroit}
{1989}

\procart{Church, K.}
    {{\it char\_align}: a program for aligning parallel texts
at the character level}
    {31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics (ACL-93)}
    {Columbus, Ohio}
    {1--8}
    {1993}

\procart{Copestake, A.}
     {An approach to building the hierarchical element of 
      a lexical knowledge base from a machine readable dictionary}
     {First International Workshop on
      Inheritance in Natural Language Processing}
     {Tilburg, The Netherlands}
     {19--29}
     {1990}
\url{\tt http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Research/NL/acquilex/papers.html}

\unpub{Copestake, A.}
{Semantic transfer for Verbmobil}
{ACQUILEX~II working paper 62 and Verbmobil report~93\\
{\tt http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Research/NL/acquilex/papers.html}}
{1995}


\procartnopp{Copestake, A. and A.~Sanfilippo}
     {Multilingual lexical representation}
     {AAAI Spring Symposium on Building lexicons for machine translation}
     {Stanford, CA}
     {1993}
\url{http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Research/NL/acquilex/papers.html}

\journart{Copestake, A., E.J.~Briscoe, 
P.~Vossen,  A.~Ageno, I.~Castellon, 
F.~Ribas, G.~Rigau, H.~Rodriguez, A.~Samiotou}
{Acquisition of lexical translation relations from MRDs}
{Machine Translation}
{9(3--4)}
{183--219}
{1995}
\url{http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Research/NL/acquilex/papers.html}

\procartnopp{Copestake, A., D. Flickinger, R.~Malouf, S.~Riehemann, I.~Sag}
{Translation using Minimal Recursion Semantics}
{The Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and
Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI95)}
{Leuven, Belgium}
{1995}
\url{http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Research/NL/acquilex/papers.html}


\journart{Dagan, I. and A. Itai}
        {Word-sense disambiguation using a second language monolingual corpus}
        {Computational Linguistics}
        {20(4)}
        {563--596}
        {1994}

\procartnopp{Dorna, M. and M.~Emele}
{Efficient implementation of a semantic-based transfer approach}
{12th European Conference on Artifical Intelligence (ECAI 96)}
{Budapest}
{1996}
\url{cmp-lg/9607010}

\procartnopp{Dorna, M. and M.~Emele}
{Semantic-based transfer}
{International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Coling 96}
{Copenhagen}
{1996}
\url{cmp-lg/9607009}

\journart{Dorr, B.J.}
    {Machine Translation divergences: a formal description and a
proposed solution}
    {Computational Linguistics}
    {20 (4)}
    {597--633}
    {1994}


\journart{Dorr, B.J., J. Garman, A. Weinberg}
    {From syntactic encodings to thematic roles:
building lexical entries for interlingual MT}
    {Machine Translation}
    {9}
    {221--250}
    {1995}
    


\procart{Estival, D., A.~Ballim, G.~Russell and S.~Warwick}
    {A syntax and semantics for feature structure transfer}
    {3rd International Conference on theoretical and methodological
issues in MT (TMI-90)}
    {Austin,Texas}
    {131--143}
    {1990}

\unpub{Frank, A. and U. Reyle}
    {Principle based semantics for HPSG}
    {Arbeitspapiere des Sonderforschungsbereichs
340, University of Stuttgart}
    {1994}


\procartnopp{Fung, P.}
        {A pattern matching method for finding noun and proper noun
        translations from noisy parallel corpora}
        {33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics (ACL-95)}
        {Cambridge, Mass}
        {1995}

\procart{Gale, W. and K. Church}
    {A program for aligning sentences in bilingual corpora}
    {29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics (ACL-91)}
    {Berkeley, California}
    {177-184}
    {1991}

\procart{Grishman, R. \& Sterling, J.}
         {Acquisition of selectional patterns}
         {International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING-92}
         {Nantes, France}
         {658--664}
         {1992}

\procart{Grishman, R., Macleod, C. \& Meyers, A.}
         {Comlex syntax: building a computational lexicon}
         {International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING-94}
         {Kyoto, Japan}
         {268--272}
         {1994}

\unpub{Helmreich, S., L.~Guthrie and Y.~Wilks}
        {The use of machine readable dictionaries in the Pangloss
project}
        {Paper presented at the AAAI Spring Symposium on Building
Lexicons for Machine Translation, Stanford University}
        {1993}

\procartnopp{Isabelle, P., M. Dymetman and E.~Macklovitch}
    {CRITTER: a translation system for agricultural market reports}
    {12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-88)}
    {Budapest}
    {1988}



\procartnopp{Johnston, M., B.~Boguraev and J.~Pustejovsky}
{The acquisition and interpretation of complex nominals}
{AAAI Spring Symposium on representation and acquisition
of lexical knowledge}
{Stanford, CA}
{1995}
\url{http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/$\sim$johnston/home.html}

\procart{Kaplan, R., K.~Netter, J.~Wedekind and A.~Zaenen}
	{Translation by structural correspondences}
	{4th Conference of the European Chapter of
	the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL-89)}
	{Manchester, UK}
	{272--281}
	{1989}

\procart{Kay, M.}
        {Chart generation}
{34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-96)}
{Santa Cruz, CA}
{200--204}
{1996}



\unpub{Kay, M. and M.~R\"{o}scheisen}
{Text-translation alignment}
{Technical report P90-00143}
{1988}



\book{Kay, M., J.M. Gawron and P. Norvig}
     {Verbmobil: A translation system for face-to-face dialog}
     {CSLI, Stanford}
     {1994}

\procartnopp{Klavans, J.}
     {COMPLEX: A computational lexicon for natural language systems}
     {12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics
(Coling-88)}
     {Budapest, Hungary}
     {1988}

\journart{Klavans, J. and E.~Tzoukermann}
        {Combining corpus and machine-readable dictionary
data for building bilingual lexicons}
    {Machine Translation}
    {10 (3--4)}
    {1--34}
    {1996}

\bookart{Landsbergen, J.}
     {Isomorphic grammars and their use in the ROSETTA translation
system}
     {351--372}
     {Machine Translation Today: The State of the Art}
     {M. King}
     {Edinburgh University Press}
     {1987}


\journart{Lonsdale, D., T. Mitamira and E.~Nyberg}
    {Acquisition of large lexicons for practical knowledge-based MT}
    {Machine Translation}
    {9}
    {251--283}
    {1995}

\procartnopp{Manning, C.}
{Automatic acquisition of a large subcategorisation dictionary from corpora}
{31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-93)}
{Columbus, Ohio}
{1993}

\procartnopp{Marti, M.A. and C. Soler}
{Dealing with lexical mismatches}
{Euralex 94}
{Amsterdam, The Netherlands}
{1994}

\procartnopp{Melamed, I. D.}
        {Automatic construction of clean broad-coverage
        translation lexicons}
        {AMTA-96}
        {Montreal}
        {1996}

\procartnopp{Neff, M. and M. McCord}
   {Acquiring lexical data from machine-readable dictionary resources
for Machine Translation}
   {Third International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological
Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages (TMI-90)}
   {Austin, Texas}
   {1990}

\unpub{Neff, M., B. Blaser, J-M Lange, H. Lehmann and I.~Dominguez}
        {Get it where you can: acquiring and maintaining bilingual
lexicons for Machine Translation}
        {Paper presented at the AAAI Spring Symposium on Building
Lexicons for Machine Translation, Stanford University}
        {1993}


\journart{Nirenburg, S. and V. Raskin}
        {The Subworld Concept Lexicon and the Lexicon Management
System}
        {Computational Linguistics}
        {13(3-4)}
        {276--289}
        {1988}


\bookart{Nirenburg, S. and L. Levin}
     {Syntax-driven and ontology-driven lexical semantics}
     {5--20}
     {Lexical semantics and knowledge representation: Proceedings of
the first SIGLEX Workshop, Berkeley, 1991}
     {J.~Pustejovsky and S.~Bergler}
     {Springer-Verlag (Lecture notes in Artificial Intelligence)}
     {1992}

\book{Pollard, C. and I.A.Sag}
    {Head-driven phrase structure grammar}
    {Chicago University Press, Chicago}
    {1994}

\unpub{Popowich, F.}
        {Improving the efficiency of a generation algorithm for
Shake and Bake Machine Translation using Head-Driven Phrase Structure
Grammar}
        {Technical report CMPT-TR 94-07, 
School of Computer Science, Simon Fraser University}
        {1994}

\procartnopp{Poznanski, V., J.L.~Beaven and P.~Whitelock}
     {An efficient generation algorithm for lexicalist MT}
     {33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics (ACL-95)}
     {Cambridge, Mass}
     {1995}

\procartnopp{Poznanski, V. and A.~Sanfilippo}
         {Detecting dependencies between semantic verb subclasses and
subcategorization frames in text corpora}
         {SIGLEX ACL Workshop on the Acquisition of Lexical Knowledge from Text}
         {Boguraev, B. \& Pustejovsky, J. eds}
         {1993}


\procartnopp{Rayner, M., and P Bouillon}
{Hybrid Transfer in an English-French Spoken Language Translator}
{IA '95}
{Montpellier, France}
{1995}
\url{http://www.cam.sr.com/tr/crc056/paper.ps.Z}

\unpub{Rayner, M., P Bouillon and D Carter}
{Using Corpora to Develop Limited-Domain Speech Translation Systems}
{Translating and the Computer 17 (ASLIB)}
{1995}
\url{http://www.cam.sr.com/tr/crc059/paper.ps.Z}


\procartnopp{Rayner, M., I Bretan, M Wiren, S Rydin and E Beshai}
             {Composition of transfer rules in a multi-lingual MT system}
             {Workshop on Future Issues for Multilingual Text Processing}
             {Cairns, Australia}
             {1996}
\url{http://www.cam.sr.com/tr/crc063/paper.ps.Z}

\book{Reichenbach, H.}
{Elements of Symbolic Logic}
{Dover}
{1947}

\procartnopp{Resnik, P.}
{Disambiguating noun groupings with respect to WordNet senses}
{3rd workshop on very large corpora}
{MIT, Cambridge, Mass}
{1995}

\procartnopp{Ribas, P.}
         {An experiment on learning appropriate selection restrictions from
a parsed corpus}
         {International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING-94}
         {Kyoto, Japan}
         {1994}

\procartnopp{Sanfilippo, A., E. J. Briscoe, A. Copestake,
M. A. Marti and A. Alonge}
{Translation equivalence and lexicalization in the ACQUILEX LKB}
{4th International Conference on Theoretical and 
Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92)}
{Montreal, Canada}
{1992}

\procart{Sanfilippo, A. and V. Poznanski}
{The acquisition of lexical knowledge from combined machine-readable
dictionary sources}
{3rd Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-92)}
{Trento, Italy}
{80--88}
{1992}

\journart{Shieber, S.M.}
    {The problem of logical form equivalence}
    {Computational Linguistics}
    {19 (1)}
    {179--190}
    {1993}

\journart{Smajda, F.}
        {Retrieving collocations from text: Xtract}
     {Computational Linguistics}
    {19 (1)}
    {143--177}
    {1993}       
       
\journart{Smajda, F., K. McKeown and V.~Hatzivassiloglou}
        {Translating collocations for bilingual lexicons: a statistical 
approach}
     {Computational Linguistics}
    {22 (1)}
    {1--38}
    {1996}  


\unpub{Sutcliffe, R.}
      {Using Distributed Patterns as Language Independent Lexical Representations}
        {Paper presented at the AAAI Spring Symposium on Building
Lexicons for Machine Translation, Stanford University}
        {1993}

\bookart{Talmy, L.}
{Lexicalization patterns: semantic structure in lexical form}
{57--149}
{Language typology and syntactic description 3. Grammatical categories
 and the lexicon}
{T.~Shopen}
{Cambridge University Press}
{1985}

\unpub{Trujillo, I.A.}
     {Lexicalist Machine Translation of Spatial Prepositions}
     {PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge}
     {1995}

\bookart{Ushioda, A., D.~Evans, T.~Gibson and A.~Waibel}
         {The automatic acquisition of frequencies of verb
subcategorization frames from tagged corpora}
         {95--106}
         {SIGLEX ACL Workshop on the Acquisition of Lexical Knowledge from Text}
         {Boguraev, B. \& Pustejovsky, J.}
         {Columbus, Ohio}
         {1993}


\bookartnopp{Vossen, P.}
{The automatic construction of a knowledge base from dictionaries: a
combination of techniques}
{Euralex '92 Proceedings I-II} 
{H.~Tommola, K.~Tarantola, T.~Salmin~Tolonen, J.~Schop}
{Tampere, Finland}
{1992}

\unpub{Vossen, P.}
{Extracting equivalence relations for a multilingual
lexical knowledge base}  
{Acquilex 2 working paper No.~14: University of Amsterdam}
{1993}

\procartnopp{Whitelock, P.}
     {Shake-and-bake translation}
     {14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-92)}
     {Nantes, France}
     {1992}

\bookart{Wilks, Y., D. Fass, C-M. Guo, J.~McDonald, T.~Plate and B.~Slator}
   {A tractable machine dictionary as a resource for computational semantics}
   {193--231}
   {Computational lexicography for natural language processing}
   {B.~Boguraev and E.J.~Briscoe}
   {Longman, London}
   {1989}


\procart{Wu, D.}
{Probabilistic unification-based integration of syntactic and semantic
preferences for nominal compounds}
{13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling90)}
{Helsinki}
{413--418}
{1990}

\journart{Wu, D. and X. Xia}
{Large-scale automatic extraction of an English-Chinese translation
lexicon}
{Machine Translation}
{9(3--4)}
{285--313}
{1995}

\book{Zernik, U.~(ed.)}
     {Lexical acquisition: using on-line resources to build a lexicon}
     {Lawrence Erlbaum, New Jersey}
     {1992}


\end{list}


\end{document}

